Gen kernel
genkernel என்பது கருநிரல் மற்றும் initramfs ஐ தானியக்கமாகக் கட்டுவதற்காக ஜென்டூவால் உருவாக்கப்பட்ட ஒரு கருவியாகும். இதன் தனிச்சிறப்புகள்:
- கருநிரல் மூலங்களை உள்ளமைத்தல்.
- அமுக்கப்பட்ட கருநிரலான bzImage ஐ கட்டி அதை /boot என்னும் இடத்தில் நகலெடுத்து வைத்தல்.
- initramfs ஐ உருவாக்கி அதை /boot என்னும் இடத்தில் நகலெடுத்து வைத்தல்.
- குறியீட்டுத் தொடுப்புகளை /boot இல் உருவாக்குதல்.
- மறையீடு சார்ந்த கோப்புகள், boot splash படங்கள், இதர கூறுகள் மற்றும் பல விருப்ப உள்ளடக்கங்களை initramfs இல் சேர்த்தல்.
- initramfs ஐ அமுக்குதல்.
- புதிதாக உருவாக்கப்பட்ட கருநிரல் மற்றும் initramfs ஐ துவக்குவதற்கு துவக்க ஏற்றியை உள்ளமைத்தல்.
To use /efi instead of /boot for newer UEFI systems, see Changing the boot directory to /efi.
genkernel "தானியக்கமாக" ஒரு தனிப்பயனாக்கப்பட்ட கருநிரல் உள்ளமைவை உற்பத்தி செய்யும் என்ற ஒரு பொதுவான தவறான கருத்து உள்ளது. ஆனால் இது உண்மை அல்ல. genkernel கருநிரல் கட்டுமான செயலை தானியக்கமாக்கி initramfs ஐ ஒன்றாகச் சேர்க்கிறதே தவிர, தனிப்பயனாக்கப்பட்ட கருநிரல் உள்ளமைவை உற்பத்தி செய்வதில்லை. கட்டமைப்பு சார்ந்த அடிப்படையில், பொதுவாகப் பயன்படுத்தப்படும் துணை முறைமைகளுக்கு ஆதரவு அளிக்கும் ஒரு பொதுவான கருநிரல் உள்ளமைவு கோப்பை இது பயன்படுத்துகிறது. கட்டமைப்பு முன்னிருப்புகள் சார்ந்த தகவல்களை upstream repository என்னும் தளத்தில் காணலாம். கட்டமைப்பைத் தேர்ந்தெடுத்து, கருநிரல் உள்ளமைவு கோப்பை தேர்வு செய்யவும்.
நிறுவல்
USE கொடிகள்
USE flags for sys-kernel/genkernel Gentoo automatic kernel building scripts
இ-ஒன்றாக்குதல் (Emerge)
genkernel இன் நிறுவலை துவக்கவும்:
root #emerge --ask sys-kernel/genkernelபயன்பாடு
பொதுவாக genkernel ஐ அழைக்கும் முறை பின்வருமாறு:
root #genkernel [options ...] actionவிருப்பத்தேர்வுகள்
The actual behavior of genkernel depends on a large variety of options, the majority of which can be set/unset in the /etc/genkernel.conf file or passed via the genkernel command on each invocation. Options passed over the command line take precedence over options defined in /etc/genkernel.conf. The configuration file is very well documented, however some of the most commonly used options will be explored in this article. The goal is for the reader to be familiar with common genkernel invocations. For a more complete set of explanations refer to the comments in /etc/genkernel.conf itself or to the output of man genkernel.
Some of the options have a variant that triggers a converse behavior figured as
--[no-]option_name, and the converse effect is shown in square brackets as in the following example:
--[no-]menuconfig : Activates [deactivates] ...
no-, and its effect, which are not optional in this case, are figured without square brackets.பயனர் ஊடாடலில் செயல்படும் விருப்பத்தேர்வுகள்
கீழே பட்டியலிடப்பட்டுள்ள உள்ளமைவு விருப்பத்தேர்வுகள் உள்ளமைவு செயலோடு எவ்வாறு ஊடாடுவது என்பதைப் பயனர் தீர்மானிக்க உதவுகிறது. செயல்முறையில் உருவாக்கப்பட்ட உள்ளமைவு கோப்பை சேமிக்கலாமா வேண்டாமா என்பதைக் கூட பயனரால் தேர்வு செய்ய இயலும். முதன்மை உள்ளமைவு விருப்பத்தேர்வுகளாகக் கருதப்படுபவை பின்வருமாறு:
--config=/path/to/genkernel.conf- Points to the Genkernel configuration file to use (defaults to /etc/genkernel.conf).
--kernel-config=/path/to/kernel.config- Points to the kernel configuration file to use. To re-use the kernel configuration from the currently running kernel, it is possible to specify /proc/config.gz if it exists. By default, genkernel uses the config from the previous build of the same kernel version or a default kernel config if there isn't a previous config. Use the special value default to force usage of genkernel's generic kernel config. This location must not be /usr/src/linux/.config as it risks being lost or causing errors.
--[no-]menuconfig- Activates (or deactivates) the make menuconfig command (which invokes an interactive configuration menu) before building the kernel.
--gconfig- Provides a kernel configuration utility which depends on the GTK libraries. The advantage of this option is that most users find it easier and clearer to configure the kernel using this tool, since it relies on the X-windowing system. The disadvantage of this option is that the X-windowing system is required to use it, so it will not work on the command line.
--xconfig- Provides a kernel configuration utility which depends on the QT libraries. The advantage of this option is that most users find it easier and clearer to configure the kernel using this tool, since it relies on the X-windowing system. The disadvantage of this option is that the X-windowing system is needed to use it, so it will not work on the command line.
--[no-]save-config- Saves [or does not save] the kernel configuration to a file in the /etc/kernels directory for later use.
--kernel-append-localversion=-mycfg42- Allows the modification of kernel's LOCALVERSION value which will affect kernel's and and initramfs' filename in /boot and modules in /lib/modules/ directory. This is especially helpful to build a new independent revision with its own kernel binary, initramfs and modules. The example above, with =sys-kernel/gentoo-sources-5.4.2, would create /boot/vmlinuz-5.4.2-gentoo-x86_64-mycfg42, /boot/initramfs-5.4.2-gentoo-x86_64-mycfg42.img and /lib/modules/4.19.88-gentoo-x86_64-mycfg42 on amd64 with default settings.
Options acting on the resulting system
The configuration options listed here defines which features will or will not be enabled in the resulting kernel and initrd/initramfs.
--[no-]splash- Activates (or deactivates) support for Fbsplash framebuffer splash in the genkernel-built initrd image. To override the default theme used by fbsplash, use
--splash=PreferredTheme(wherePreferredThemeis the title of one of the directories inside the /etc/splash directory). --splash-res=PreferredResolution- This option allows to select which splash screen resolutions will be supported in the initrd during the start-up of the system. This is useful for two reasons. First, to be able to select only the splash screen resolution(s) relevant to the system. Second, to avoid the unnecessary increase in the disk space required by initrd (since the initrd does not have to support resolutions that are irrelevant for the system's configuration.) However, the option is best omitted if the kernel is being compiled for an Installation CD; this allows splash support for all possible resolutions.
--do-keymap-auto- Force keymap selection during the boot sequence.
--keymap- Enables keymap selection at boot (e.g. for LUKS container password input). The desired keymap can be passed in boot options as the value of
keymap(name of the keymap file without .map). Available keymap files can be found in /usr/share/genkernel/defaults/keymaps/. - If a needed keymap is not available in genkernel, it is possible to convert one of the existing sys-apps/kbd keymaps (available in /usr/share/genkernel/defaults/keymaps/) using
loadkeys --bkeymap. See loadkeys man page for details. --lvm- Includes support for storage using via Logical Volume Management (LVM2) from static binaries, if available to the system. Relevant (static) LVM2 binaries are compiled when unavailable. Be sure to install the sys-fs/lvm2 package on the system (emerge sys-fs/lvm2) before enabling this option, then review the LVM article on the Gentoo wiki.
--dmraid- Includes support for DMRAID; the utility which creates RAID mappings using the kernel device-mapper subsystem. DMRAID discovers, activates, deactivates and displays properties of software RAID sets (ATARAID, for example) and contained DOS partitions.
--luks- Includes support for Linux Unified Key Setup or LUKS. This will allow to use a device encrypted by LUKS which contains the root filesystem. On the bootloader, set that encrypted device as the value of
crypt_root, androotshall be the unencrypted device LUKS creates ( i.e /dev/mapper/root will be path to mount, and proper boot parameters line will look, like this:GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX="... crypt_root=UUID=<crypto_LUKS uuid> root=/dev/mapper/root ..."). --iscsi- Adds support for iSCSI to the initrd.
--multipath- Adds support for Multipath to the initrd.
--linuxrc=/path/to/the/linuxrc_file- Specifies a user-created linuxrc — a script that is initialized during the start-up stage of the kernel, prior to the actual boot process. A default linuxrc script can be found in the /usr/share/genkernel/ directory. This script allows booting into a small, modularized kernel; it tries to load the minimum amount of drivers that are needed (as modules) by the system.
--cachedir=/path/to/alt/dir- Overrides the default cache location used while compiling the kernel.
--tmpdir=/path/to/new/tempdir- Specifies the location of the temporary directory used by genkernel while compiling the kernel.
--unionfs- Includes support for the Unification File System in the initrd image.
--mountboot- Detects whether or not the /boot directory needs to be mounted on a separate partition. It will check /etc/fstab script for instructions on how to mount the boot partition on a file system (if needed).
--microcode- Creates an early cpio filled with microcode for Intel/AMD processors for Xen and Linux early microcode support
Options acting on the choice of the tools used for building
The following options are supported by genkernel, and are passed to the relevant applications while the kernel is being assembled. The options affect low level kernel compilation tools.
--kernel-cc=someCompiler- Specifies the compiler employed during the kernel compilation process.
--kernel-ld=someLinker- Specifies the linker employed during the kernel compilation process.
--kernel-as=someAssembler- Specifies the assembler employed during the kernel compilation process.
--kernel-make=someMake- Specifies an alternative to the GNU make utility employed during the kernel compilation process.
--utils-cc=someCompiler- Specifies the compiler employed during the compilation of support utilities.
--utils-ld=someLinker- Specifies the linker employed during the compilation of support utilities.
--utils-as=someAssembler- Specifies the assembler employed during the compilation of support utilities.
--utils-make=someMake- Specifies an alternative to the GNU make utility employed during the compilation of support utilities.
--makeopts=-jX- Specifies the number of concurrent threads that the make utility can implement while the kernel (and utilities) are being compiled. The variable
Xis a number to be freely chosen, although the most common values are obtained by adding one (1) to the number of cores used by the system, or just use the number of cores on the system. So, for a system with one core, most common option values are-j2or-j1; a system with two cores most likely uses the-j3or-j2options, and so on. (A system with one processor that supports Hyper-Threading™ (HT) Technology can be assumed to have 2 cores, provided Symmetric Multi-Processing (SMP) support is enabled in the kernel.)
Options acting on the compilation process
The following options usually take effect during the actual compilation:
--kerneldir=/path/to/sources/- Specifies an alternative kernel source location, rather than the default /usr/src/linux/ location.
--kernel-config=/path/to/config-file- Specifies which kernel configuration will be used. By default, genkernel will determine kernel version found in
--kerneldirand look for kernel config (KV) in /etc/kernels/kernel-config-$KV. If no kernel configuration was found, genkernel will look for a generic kernel configuration in /usr/share/genkernel/$ARCH. A special valuedefaultcan be used to force usage of genkernel's generic kernel configuration.துணுக்கு
Use--kernel-config=/proc/config.gzto start building a new kernel based on kernel configuration from currently running kernel.
Note: This will only work if current active kernel was built withCONFIG_IKCONFIG=ywhich is normally the case. --module-prefix=/path/to/prefix-directory/- Specifies a prefix to the directory where kernel modules will be installed (default path is the /lib/modules directory.)
--[no-]clean- Activates (or deactivates) the make clean command before compiling the kernel. The make clean command removes all object files and dependencies from the kernel's source tree.
--[no-]mrproper- Activates (or deactivates) the make mrproper command before kernel compilation. Like the make clean command listed above, make mrproper removes all object files and dependencies from the kernel's source tree. However, any previous configuration files (in /path/to/sources/.config or /path/to/sources/.config.old) will also be purged from the kernel's source tree. If it is undesirable that the kernel's .config file keeps disappearing, be sure to disable this option!
--oldconfig- Issues the make oldconfig command, which attempts to collect configuration information for the system's architecture from a generic script in /usr/share/genkernel. This is a non-interactive process; no user input is entertained. Also, if
--oldconfigis used in conjunction with--clean, the latter option is negated, resulting in the activation of the--no-cleanoption. --[no-]module-rebuild- Runs, or does not run emerge @module-rebuild to build out-of-tree modules after kernel and kernel modules have been built. This option is enabled by default.
--callback="echo hello"- Calls the specified arguments (echo hello, in this case) after the kernel and the relevant modules have been built, but before building the initramfs. குறிப்பு
Before genkernel-4, this callback was used to trigger rebuild of out-of-tree modules. Since genkernel-4, a dedicated command-line parameter--module-rebuildwas introduced, see above. --[no-]install- Activates (or deactivates) the make install command, which installs the new kernel image, configuration file, initrd image and system map onto the boot partition. Any compiled modules will be installed as well. By default genkernel will attempt mount /boot if it is on a separate partition before running the install command.
--no-ramdisk-modules- Refrains from copying any modules to the genkernel-created initrd image. This option is an exception to the rule about the
no-prefix; omission of this prefix creates an invalid genkernel option. --all-ramdisk-modules- Copies all available modules to the genkernel-created initrd image.
--genzimage- Creates the initrd image, prior to the kernel image (this hack currently applies only to PPC Pegasos systems).
வழுநீக்கல் விருப்பத்தேர்வுகள்
The use of debugging options during the kernel compilation process controls the amount of information reported, as well as the presentation of said data.
--loglevel=<0|1|2|3|4|5>- Controls the level of verbosity for information printed by genkernel. The variable
LOGLEVELis an integer between 0 and 5. The level '0' represents minimal output (=no output), while '5' provides as much information as possible about genkernel's activities during the kernel compilation and initramfs assemble process.குறிப்பு
Genkernel will always log complete output to /var/log/genkernel.log by default.--loglevelonly controls output shown on screen. --logfile=/path/to/output_file- Log file where genkernel outputs to by default. Defaults to /var/log/genkernel.log.
--[no-]color- Activates (or deactivates) colored output.
--[no-]cleanup- Activates (or deactivates) the full post-run cleanup for debug purposes.
செயல்கள்
genkernel [விருப்பத்தேர்வுகள் …] செயல் மூலம் கட்டளை வரியில் அளிக்கப்பட்ட செயலானது என்ன செயலை செய்ய வேண்டும் என்று genkernel இடம் கூறுகிறது. பின்வரும் செயல்கள் ஆதரிக்கப்பட்டுள்ளது:
| செயல் | விளக்கம் |
|---|---|
| all | initrd, கருநிரல் படம் மற்றும் கூறுகள் ஆகிய எல்லா நிலைகளையும் கட்டமைக்கிறது. |
| bzImage | கருநிரல் படத்தை மட்டும் கட்டமைக்கிறது. |
| kernel | கருநிரல் படம் மற்றும் கூறுகளை மட்டும் கட்டமைக்கிறது. |
| initramfs | initramfs/ramdisk படத்தை மட்டும் கட்டமைக்கிறது. |
| ramdisk | initramfs/ramdisk படத்தை மட்டும் கட்டமைக்கிறது. |
உள்ளமைவு
தொடக்கம்
Although there are several ways to run genkernel, the least-intrusive approach recommended for most users is provided by genkernel all. Here, a generic configuration which works well for most systems is used. As was mentioned earlier, this approach is not without drawbacks; most of the modules created are useless to the average user and may increase compile time. Below is an illustration of a more efficient approach, achieved by passing certain options to genkernel as root:
root #genkernel --splash --no-install --no-clean --menuconfig allThe above operation causes genkernel to create a kernel capable to open LUKS and LUKS2 encrypted volumes, compile and embed cryptsetup into initramfs (--luks), both kernel and initramfs will have to be manually installed (--no-install). While preparing the kernel source tree, genkernel will refrain from cleaning out any preexisting object files present in the source tree (--no-clean). A menu-driven kernel configuration utility will be displayed that allows the user to select which modules will be built for the system (--menuconfig).
Replacing --no-install with the --install option allows genkernel to automatically install the new kernel in the /boot directory, and will create symlinks if --symlink is specified. Using the --mountboot option allows genkernel to mount the /boot partition automatically, if necessary.
Don't forget that the /etc/genkernel.conf file is sourced by the genkernel command at startup, and that any option defined there will be applied, except where a command line option takes precedence over it.
Changing the boot directory to /efi
It is now recommended to mount the UEFI system boot partition (ESP) under /efi instead of /boot.
By default, the kernel is written to /boot, which used to be the ESP in certain configurations, but is now on the root partition. Reasons to write the kernel to /efi include:
- Secure Boot expecting a hard coded ESP kernel path
- Making GRUB2 independent of the root partition for stability or security
- GRUB2 not supporting the root file-system (bcachefs)
- Using a grub.cfg not generated by grub-mkconfig
To point genkernel to /efi, either add --bootdir=/efi to the genkernel command or BOOTDIR="/efi" to /etc/genkernel.conf.
/etc/genkernel.confChanging the boot directory to /efi in /etc/genkernel.conf# Set the boot directory, default is /boot
BOOTDIR="/efi"
கருநிரலை மாற்றுதல்
முதலில், /etc/genkernel.conf கோப்பில் make menuconfig தூண்டப்படுவதை நாம் அனுமதிக்க வேண்டும்:
/etc/genkernel.confForcing the use of the configuration menu in /etc/genkernel.conf# Run 'make menuconfig' before compiling this kernel?
MENUCONFIG="yes"
கோப்பு மேலாண்மை
genkernel ஐ பயன்படுத்தும்போது, கருநிரல் உள்ளமைவு மற்றும் கருநிரல் படக் கோப்புகள் மேலாண்மை பற்றிய சில அம்சங்கள் மற்றும் கருநிரல் மூலங்கள் முறைமையால் எவ்வாறு கையாளப்படுகிறது என்பதைப் பற்றி பயனர் அறிந்திருக்க வேண்டும்.
மூல கோப்புகள்
After issuing emerge -u gentoo-sources, a directory is created under /usr/src/ to store new sources. Normally, the active kernel sources directory is pointed to by the /usr/src/linux symlink.
The /usr/src directory might look like this:
user $ls -l /usr/srctotal 16 lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 19 21 Mar 2013 linux -> linux-3.7.10-gentoo drwxr-xr-x 24 root root 4096 25 Aug 10:39 linux-3.10.7-gentoo drwxr-xr-x 20 root root 4096 21 Apr 19:42 linux-3.7.10-gentoo drwxr-xr-x 21 root root 4096 14 Mar 2013 linux-3.7.9-gentoo
The /usr/src/linux symlink can be changed in different ways.
- If the
symlinkUSE is set the /usr/src/linux symlink is automatically updated to point to the newly emerged sources.
- If the
symlinkUSE is not set, the user can change the destination of the symlink using the eselect kernel list followed by the eselect kernel set command.
genkernel will always (exclusively) use the sources pointed by the /usr/src/linux symlink.
கருநிரல் உள்ளமைவு கோப்பு
If a kernel compilation has already been run with the active kernel sources, there might be a file inside the /etc/kernels directory that contains the kernel configuration that has been applied while creating the last bzImage of the kernel. This file is named, for example kernel-config-5.3.14-gentoo-r1-x86_64-wifitest2 where x86_64 might be substituted with the system's architecture, 5.3.14-gentoo-r1 might be substituted with the package/version of the sources used, and wifitest2 with the LOCALVERSION appended user value.
It is this kernel-config-5.3.14-gentoo-r1-x86_64-wifitest2 file that is used as a starting configuration when running genkernel --menuconfig all.
If it is the first time that genkernel is run with the new kernel sources, or if the previous result has not been saved, this file is substituted with a default configuration file that resides at usr/share/genkernel/arch/x86_64/generated-config where x86_64 is substituted with the actual architecture.
The path to this default configuration file, may be altered by setting the DEFAULT_KERNEL_CONFIG variable in /etc/genkernel.conf file
தொகுக்கப்பட்ட உள்ளமைவை சேமித்தல்
If the --save-config genkernel option is activated, either from the command line or inside /etc/genkernel.conf, the compiled kernel configuration is saved (with the name given above) into the /etc/kernels directory. At the same time, the configuration is saved in the .config file in /usr/src/linux directory but this file is not reused on the next genkernel all run.
One has to be aware, that each time genkernel is run, with the
--save-config genkernel option set, the configuration file in /etc/kernels is overridden. Thus, it is highly recommended to copy this file under a new name before running genkernel in order to preserve it.Installing the kernel and initramfs into the /boot directory
Specifying the --install option when invoking genkernel, will ask genkernel to install the kernel image and the initramfs into the /boot directory. In order to run --install a convenient manner, set the following in the /etc/genkernel.conf file:
/etc/genkernel.confSetting up kernel and initramfs auto-saving# Mount BOOTDIR automatically if it isn't mounted
MOUNTBOOT="yes"
# Save the new configuration in /etc/kernels upon
# successful compilation
SAVE_CONFIG="yes"
# Make symlinks in BOOTDIR automatically
SYMLINK="yes"
# Add new kernel to grub
# Possible values: empty/"no", "grub", "grub2"
BOOTLOADER="grub2"
- The first parameter speaks for itself.
- The second parameter tells genkernel to save the compiled kernel configuration into /etc/kernels.
- The last two options tell genkernel to automatically update the grub configuration. In practice, the following happens:
- If a previous kernel image with the same name already exist, it is renamed by appending .old to its name. A symlink kernel.old is automatically created that points to it.
- The new kernel takes the place of any kernel with the same name into /boot. If it is the first time a kernel is compiled, a symlink kernel is automatically created that points to the new kernel.
After running genkernel --menuconfig all, the /boot directory might look like this:
user $ls -al /boottotal 41336 drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 20 avril 17:23 . drwxr-xr-x 24 root root 4096 15 sept. 12:31 .. lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 1 24 févr. 2013 boot -> . drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 24 févr. 2013 grub lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 40 20 avril 17:23 initramfs -> initramfs-genkernel-x86_64-3.7.10-gentoo -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1314412 20 avril 17:23 initramfs-genkernel-x86_64-3.7.10-gentoo -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1313548 21 mars 2013 initramfs-genkernel-x86_64-3.7.10-gentoo.old -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1295344 25 févr. 2013 initramfs-genkernel-x86_64-3.7.9-gentoo -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 3310324 25 févr. 2013 initramfs-genkernel-x86_64-3.7.9-gentoo.old lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 44 20 avril 17:23 initramfs.old -> initramfs-genkernel-x86_64-3.7.10-gentoo.old lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 37 20 avril 17:23 kernel -> kernel-genkernel-x86_64-3.7.10-gentoo -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 4866656 20 avril 17:23 kernel-genkernel-x86_64-3.7.10-gentoo -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 4866560 21 mars 2013 kernel-genkernel-x86_64-3.7.10-gentoo.old -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 4552288 25 févr. 2013 kernel-genkernel-x86_64-3.7.9-gentoo -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 3400736 25 févr. 2013 kernel-genkernel-x86_64-3.7.9-gentoo.old lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 41 20 avril 17:23 kernel.old -> kernel-genkernel-x86_64-3.7.10-gentoo.old
துவக்க ஏற்றியை உள்ளமைத்தல்
extlinux
TODO
GRUB Legacy
The following text is about GRUB Legacy which was removed in Gentoo in February 2019. If at all possible, please migrate to GRUB2 as soon as possible.
The symlinks presented above in the bootloader's configuration can be used so that, even if the new kernel is not bootable, the user can always boot on the old one.
To allow the kernel and intird provided by genkernel to run correctly, provide a minimum information in bootloader's configuration file:
- Add
root=/dev/sdaNto the kernel parameters passed to the kernel image, where /dev/sdaN points to the root partition (Nis the number of the partition if a partition exists). - If splash is used, add a suitable mode line such as
vga=0x317to the parameters passed to the kernel and also addsplash=verboseorsplash=silentdepending on the verboseness required through the boot process. - Add the initrd information as required by the bootloader. Consult the Bootloader Configuration Chapter of the Gentoo Handbook for details on how to make the bootloader initrd-aware.
Here is how the grub.conf file might look.
/boot/grub/grub.confAn example of grub.conf file# This is a sample grub.conf for use with Genkernel, per the Gentoo handbook
# http://www.gentoo.org/doc/en/handbook/handbook-x86.xml?part=1&chap=10#doc_chap2
# When not using Genkernel, see the handbook.
# Alternatively, see grub.conf.sample in the GRUB documentation.
default 0
timeout 5
splashimage=(hd1,0)/boot/grub/splash.xpm.gz
title Gentoo Linux
root (hd0,6)
kernel /boot/kernel initrd=/dev/ram0 root=/dev/sda7 rootfstype=ext4
initrd /boot/initramfs
title Gentoo Linux old kernel
root (hd0,6)
kernel /boot/kernel.old initrd=/dev/ram0 root=/dev/sda7 rootfstype=ext4
initrd /boot/initramfs.old
GRUB
TODO
systemd-boot
TODO
Preserving the working files
The genkernel application automatically saves new changes to the files. If previous changes are to be preserved, then the following actions need to be taken.
- The first file to preserve is the kernel configuration file in /etc/kernels/ If the source has not changed prior to the recompilation of the kernel, the previously used name for this file will be used. So copying the previous configuration file under a different name helps in preserving the information while keeping the file available as a starting point for a new configuration.
- The second important thing is to preserve the already bootable kernel and initramfs images. The way to accomplish this depends on the context:
- If the last kernel compiled is bootable, running genkernel will rename this kernel (and similarly initramfs) image to vmlinuz-$KV.old and create a new vmlinux-$KV. This mean that even if the new kernel is not bootable, users will always be able to boot the old one.
- If the last kernel compiled is not bootable and sources haven't changed since the user compiled a bootable one, prior to running genkernel, first delete the new kernel image and remove the .old suffix from the last bootable one. Without this, if the newly compiled kernel is not bootable for the second time, the bootable vmlinuz-$KV.old will be kicked out by the renaming of the non bootable vmlinuz-$KV, giving the user an unbootable system. Use the same reasoning for initramfs.
Since genkernel-4, it is recommended to create new, independent revisions each with its own kernel image, initramfs and installed modules in /lib/modules using genkernel --kernel-append-localversion=-my-new-revision all.
Using previous kernel configuration while changing the sources
The previous configuration can be used through the MENUCONFIG variable in /etc/genkernel.conf as follows:
/etc/genkernel.confSetting up make menuconfig# Run 'make menuconfig' before compiling this kernel
MENUCONFIG="yes"
There is no need to manually run make oldconfig when using genkernel, even if the sources are changed. This is because make menuconfig will try to load the previous configuration into the menu as much as possible. Nevertheless, reviewing each option and new sections carefully is recommended.
Checking that initramfs includes necessary modules/utilities before booting
Before booting the system, it might be wise checking that initramfs includes necessary utilities and modules. For example, to utilize remote unlock capabilities for a headless system using LUKS, ensure that kernel modules for the network interface card, dropbear, and cryptsetup have been included.
Using lsinitrd
Since genkernel-4, created initramfs can be processed using the lsinitrd command from the sys-kernel/dracut package:
user $lsinitrd /boot/initramfs-5.3.14-gentoo-r1-x86_64-wifitest2.img
Image: /boot/initramfs-5.3.14-gentoo-r1-x86_64-wifitest2.img: 4,5M ======================================================================== Version: Genkernel 4.0.1 (2019-12-16 00:48:10 UTC) Arguments: --boot-font=none --keymap --compress-initramfs --no-microcode-initramfs --ramdisk-modules --busybox --no-btrfs --no-iscsi --no-multipath --no-dmraid --mdadm --lvm --no-unionfs --no-zfs --no-splash --no-strace --no-gpg --luks --no-firmware --firmware-dir=/lib/firmware --ssh --no-e2fsprogs --no-xfsprogs dracut modules: ======================================================================== drwxr-xr-x 16 root root 0 Dec 16 01:49 . drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Dec 16 01:49 bin lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 7 Dec 16 01:49 bin/ash -> busybox lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 7 Dec 16 01:49 bin/[ -> busybox -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 2351376 Dec 16 01:49 bin/busybox lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 7 Dec 16 01:49 bin/cat -> busybox lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 7 Dec 16 01:49 bin/cut -> busybox lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 7 Dec 16 01:49 bin/echo -> busybox lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 7 Dec 16 01:49 bin/mknod -> busybox lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 7 Dec 16 01:49 bin/mount -> busybox lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 7 Dec 16 01:49 bin/sh -> busybox lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 7 Dec 16 01:49 bin/uname -> busybox drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Dec 16 01:49 dev drwxr-xr-x 8 root root 0 Dec 16 01:49 etc -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 24 Dec 16 01:49 etc/build_date -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 16 Dec 16 01:49 etc/build_id drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Dec 16 01:49 etc/dropbear -rw------- 1 root root 140 Dec 16 01:49 etc/dropbear/dropbear_ecdsa_host_key -rw------- 1 root root 806 Dec 16 01:49 etc/dropbear/dropbear_rsa_host_key prw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Dec 16 01:49 etc/dropbear/fifo_root prw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Dec 16 01:49 etc/dropbear/fifo_swap -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 97 Dec 16 01:49 etc/fstab -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 14 Dec 16 01:49 etc/group -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 3742 Dec 16 01:49 etc/initrd.defaults -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 69232 Dec 16 01:49 etc/initrd.scripts -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 441 Dec 16 01:49 etc/ld.so.cache -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 78 Dec 16 01:49 etc/ld.so.conf drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Dec 16 01:49 etc/ld.so.conf.d -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 81 Dec 16 01:49 etc/ld.so.conf.d/05gcc-x86_64-pc-linux-gnu.conf -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2298 Dec 16 01:49 etc/localtime drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 0 Dec 16 01:49 etc/lvm drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Dec 16 01:49 etc/lvm/cache -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 95231 Dec 16 01:49 etc/lvm/lvm.conf -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2882 Dec 16 01:49 etc/mdadm.conf drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 0 Dec 16 01:49 etc/mdev -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1172 Dec 16 01:49 etc/mdev.conf drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Dec 16 01:49 etc/mdev/helpers -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 666 Dec 16 01:49 etc/mdev/helpers/nvme -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 1295 Dec 16 01:49 etc/mdev/helpers/storage-device drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Dec 16 01:49 etc/modprobe.d -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1186 Dec 16 01:49 etc/modprobe.d/aliases.conf -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 122 Dec 16 01:49 etc/modprobe.d/i386.conf drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Dec 16 01:49 etc/modules -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 24 Dec 16 01:49 etc/modules/ataraid -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 21 Dec 16 01:49 etc/modules/block -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 180 Dec 16 01:49 etc/modules/crypto -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 26 Dec 16 01:49 etc/modules/dmraid -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 23 Dec 16 01:49 etc/modules/firewire -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 123 Dec 16 01:49 etc/modules/fs -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 86 Dec 16 01:49 etc/modules/hyperv -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 40 Dec 16 01:49 etc/modules/iscsi -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 437 Dec 16 01:49 etc/modules/lvm -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 194 Dec 16 01:49 etc/modules/mdadm -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 75 Dec 16 01:49 etc/modules/multipath -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 214 Dec 16 01:49 etc/modules/net -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 56 Dec 16 01:49 etc/modules/nvme -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 519 Dec 16 01:49 etc/modules/pata -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 83 Dec 16 01:49 etc/modules/pcmcia -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 158 Dec 16 01:49 etc/modules/sata -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 523 Dec 16 01:49 etc/modules/scsi -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 350 Dec 16 01:49 etc/modules/usb -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 133 Dec 16 01:49 etc/modules/virtio -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 15 Dec 16 01:49 etc/modules/waitscan -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 47 Dec 16 01:49 etc/passwd -rw-r----- 1 root root 22 Dec 16 01:49 etc/shadow -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 25 Dec 16 01:49 etc/shells -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 32331 Dec 16 01:49 init drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Dec 16 01:49 .initrd drwxr-xr-x 6 root root 0 Dec 16 01:49 lib lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 3 Dec 16 01:49 lib32 -> lib lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 3 Dec 16 01:49 lib64 -> lib drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Dec 16 01:49 lib/console drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Dec 16 01:49 lib/dracut -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 312 Dec 16 01:49 lib/dracut/build-parameter.txt -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 42 Dec 16 01:49 lib/dracut/dracut-gk-version.info drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 9 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/10.map -> croat.map lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 6 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/11.map -> cz.map lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 6 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/12.map -> de.map lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 6 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/13.map -> dk.map lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/14.map -> dvorak.map lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 6 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/15.map -> es.map lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 6 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/16.map -> et.map lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 6 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/17.map -> fi.map lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 6 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/18.map -> fr.map lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 6 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/19.map -> gr.map lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/1.map -> azerty.map lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 6 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/20.map -> hu.map lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 6 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/21.map -> il.map lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 6 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/22.map -> is.map lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 6 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/23.map -> it.map lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 6 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/24.map -> jp.map lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 6 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/25.map -> la.map lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 6 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/26.map -> lt.map lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 6 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/27.map -> mk.map lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 6 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/28.map -> nl.map lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 6 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/29.map -> no.map lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 6 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/2.map -> be.map lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 6 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/30.map -> pl.map lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 6 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/31.map -> pt.map lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 6 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/32.map -> ro.map lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 6 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/33.map -> ru.map lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 6 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/34.map -> se.map lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 6 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/35.map -> sf.map lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 6 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/36.map -> sg.map lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 8 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/37.map -> sk-y.map lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 8 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/38.map -> sk-z.map lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 11 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/39.map -> slovene.map lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 8 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/3.map -> bepo.map lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 7 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/40.map -> trf.map lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 6 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/41.map -> ua.map lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 6 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/42.map -> uk.map lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 6 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/43.map -> us.map lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/44.map -> wangbe.map lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 6 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/4.map -> bg.map lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 8 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/5.map -> br-a.map lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 8 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/6.map -> br-l.map lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 6 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/7.map -> by.map lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 6 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/8.map -> cf.map lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 11 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/9.map -> colemak.map -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2823 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/azerty.map -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2823 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/be.map -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2823 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/bepo.map -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2823 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/bg.map -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2823 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/br-a.map -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2823 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/br-l.map -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2823 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/by.map -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2823 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/cf.map -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2823 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/colemak.map -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2823 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/croat.map -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2823 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/cz.map -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2823 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/de.map -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2823 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/dk.map -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2823 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/dvorak.map -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2823 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/es.map -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2823 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/et.map -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2823 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/fi.map -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2823 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/fr.map -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2823 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/gr.map -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2823 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/hu.map -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2823 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/il.map -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2823 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/is.map -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2823 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/it.map -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2823 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/jp.map -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 518 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/keymapList -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2823 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/la.map -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2823 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/lt.map -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2823 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/mk.map -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2823 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/nl.map -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2823 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/no.map -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2823 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/pl.map -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2823 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/pt.map -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2823 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/ro.map -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2823 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/ru.map -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2823 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/se.map -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2823 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/sf.map -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2823 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/sg.map -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2823 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/sk-y.map -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2823 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/sk-z.map -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2823 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/slovene.map -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2823 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/trf.map -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2823 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/ua.map -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2823 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/uk.map -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2823 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/us.map -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2823 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/wangbe.map -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 169376 Dec 16 01:49 lib/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 1913648 Dec 16 01:49 lib/libc.so.6 -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 26800 Dec 16 01:49 lib/libnss_dns.so lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 13 Dec 16 01:49 lib/libnss_dns.so.2 -> libnss_dns.so -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 51536 Dec 16 01:49 lib/libnss_files.so lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 15 Dec 16 01:49 lib/libnss_files.so.2 -> libnss_files.so -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 88736 Dec 16 01:49 lib/libresolv.so.2 drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 0 Dec 16 01:49 lib/modules drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 0 Dec 16 01:49 lib/modules/5.3.14-gentoo-r1-x86_64-wifitest2 drwxr-xr-x 5 root root 0 Dec 16 01:49 lib/modules/5.3.14-gentoo-r1-x86_64-wifitest2/kernel drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Dec 16 01:49 lib/modules/5.3.14-gentoo-r1-x86_64-wifitest2/kernel/crypto -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 7152 Dec 16 01:49 lib/modules/5.3.14-gentoo-r1-x86_64-wifitest2/kernel/crypto/algif_rng.ko drwxr-xr-x 6 root root 0 Dec 16 01:49 lib/modules/5.3.14-gentoo-r1-x86_64-wifitest2/kernel/drivers drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 0 Dec 16 01:49 lib/modules/5.3.14-gentoo-r1-x86_64-wifitest2/kernel/drivers/hid drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Dec 16 01:49 lib/modules/5.3.14-gentoo-r1-x86_64-wifitest2/kernel/drivers/hid/usbhid -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 66448 Dec 16 01:49 lib/modules/5.3.14-gentoo-r1-x86_64-wifitest2/kernel/drivers/hid/usbhid/usbhid.ko drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Dec 16 01:49 lib/modules/5.3.14-gentoo-r1-x86_64-wifitest2/kernel/drivers/md -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 19024 Dec 16 01:49 lib/modules/5.3.14-gentoo-r1-x86_64-wifitest2/kernel/drivers/md/dm-log.ko -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 27256 Dec 16 01:49 lib/modules/5.3.14-gentoo-r1-x86_64-wifitest2/kernel/drivers/md/dm-mirror.ko -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 49200 Dec 16 01:49 lib/modules/5.3.14-gentoo-r1-x86_64-wifitest2/kernel/drivers/md/dm-raid.ko -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 16536 Dec 16 01:49 lib/modules/5.3.14-gentoo-r1-x86_64-wifitest2/kernel/drivers/md/dm-region-hash.ko drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 0 Dec 16 01:49 lib/modules/5.3.14-gentoo-r1-x86_64-wifitest2/kernel/drivers/net drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Dec 16 01:49 lib/modules/5.3.14-gentoo-r1-x86_64-wifitest2/kernel/drivers/net/intel drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Dec 16 01:49 lib/modules/5.3.14-gentoo-r1-x86_64-wifitest2/kernel/drivers/net/intel/e1000 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 70480 Dec 16 01:49 lib/modules/5.3.14-gentoo-r1-x86_64-wifitest2/kernel/drivers/net/intel/e1000/e1000.ko drwxr-xr-x 6 root root 0 Dec 16 01:49 lib/modules/5.3.14-gentoo-r1-x86_64-wifitest2/kernel/drivers/usb drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Dec 16 01:49 lib/modules/5.3.14-gentoo-r1-x86_64-wifitest2/kernel/drivers/usb/common -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 6584 Dec 16 01:49 lib/modules/5.3.14-gentoo-r1-x86_64-wifitest2/kernel/drivers/usb/common/usb-common.ko drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Dec 16 01:49 lib/modules/5.3.14-gentoo-r1-x86_64-wifitest2/kernel/drivers/usb/core -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 308944 Dec 16 01:49 lib/modules/5.3.14-gentoo-r1-x86_64-wifitest2/kernel/drivers/usb/core/usbcore.ko drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Dec 16 01:49 lib/modules/5.3.14-gentoo-r1-x86_64-wifitest2/kernel/drivers/usb/host -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 60416 Dec 16 01:49 lib/modules/5.3.14-gentoo-r1-x86_64-wifitest2/kernel/drivers/usb/host/ehci-hcd.ko -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 10616 Dec 16 01:49 lib/modules/5.3.14-gentoo-r1-x86_64-wifitest2/kernel/drivers/usb/host/ehci-pci.ko -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 46072 Dec 16 01:49 lib/modules/5.3.14-gentoo-r1-x86_64-wifitest2/kernel/drivers/usb/host/ohci-hcd.ko -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 35896 Dec 16 01:49 lib/modules/5.3.14-gentoo-r1-x86_64-wifitest2/kernel/drivers/usb/host/uhci-hcd.ko drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Dec 16 01:49 lib/modules/5.3.14-gentoo-r1-x86_64-wifitest2/kernel/drivers/usb/storage -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 126512 Dec 16 01:49 lib/modules/5.3.14-gentoo-r1-x86_64-wifitest2/kernel/drivers/usb/storage/usb-storage.ko drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 0 Dec 16 01:49 lib/modules/5.3.14-gentoo-r1-x86_64-wifitest2/kernel/fs drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Dec 16 01:49 lib/modules/5.3.14-gentoo-r1-x86_64-wifitest2/kernel/fs/fat -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 95664 Dec 16 01:49 lib/modules/5.3.14-gentoo-r1-x86_64-wifitest2/kernel/fs/fat/fat.ko -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 16104 Dec 16 01:49 lib/modules/5.3.14-gentoo-r1-x86_64-wifitest2/kernel/fs/fat/msdos.ko -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 32434 Dec 16 01:49 lib/modules/5.3.14-gentoo-r1-x86_64-wifitest2/modules.alias -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 42356 Dec 16 01:49 lib/modules/5.3.14-gentoo-r1-x86_64-wifitest2/modules.alias.bin -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 8132 Dec 16 01:49 lib/modules/5.3.14-gentoo-r1-x86_64-wifitest2/modules.builtin -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 11529 Dec 16 01:49 lib/modules/5.3.14-gentoo-r1-x86_64-wifitest2/modules.builtin.bin -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 15196 Dec 16 01:49 lib/modules/5.3.14-gentoo-r1-x86_64-wifitest2/modules.dep -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 23748 Dec 16 01:49 lib/modules/5.3.14-gentoo-r1-x86_64-wifitest2/modules.dep.bin -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Dec 16 01:49 lib/modules/5.3.14-gentoo-r1-x86_64-wifitest2/modules.devname -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 8320 Dec 16 01:49 lib/modules/5.3.14-gentoo-r1-x86_64-wifitest2/modules.order -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 117 Dec 16 01:49 lib/modules/5.3.14-gentoo-r1-x86_64-wifitest2/modules.softdep -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 24707 Dec 16 01:49 lib/modules/5.3.14-gentoo-r1-x86_64-wifitest2/modules.symbols -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 29469 Dec 16 01:49 lib/modules/5.3.14-gentoo-r1-x86_64-wifitest2/modules.symbols.bin lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 4 Dec 16 01:49 linuxrc -> init drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Dec 16 01:49 mnt drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Dec 16 01:49 proc drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 0 Dec 16 01:49 root drwx------ 2 root root 0 Dec 16 01:49 root/.ssh -rw------- 1 root root 742 Dec 16 01:49 root/.ssh/authorized_keys drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Dec 16 01:49 run -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Dec 16 01:49 run/utmp drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Dec 16 01:49 sbin -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 1105720 Dec 16 01:49 sbin/blkid -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 2813384 Dec 16 01:49 sbin/cryptsetup lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 19 Dec 16 01:49 sbin/dmsetup -> ../usr/sbin/dmsetup lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 19 Dec 16 01:49 sbin/dmstats -> ../usr/sbin/dmstats lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 7 Dec 16 01:49 sbin/init -> ../init lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 15 Dec 16 01:49 sbin/lvm -> ../usr/sbin/lvm -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 1510360 Dec 16 01:49 sbin/mdadm -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 1267904 Dec 16 01:49 sbin/mdmon drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Dec 16 01:49 sys drwxrwxrwt 2 root root 0 Dec 16 01:49 tmp drwxr-xr-x 6 root root 0 Dec 16 01:49 usr drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Dec 16 01:49 usr/bin lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 13 Dec 16 01:49 usr/bin/dropbearconvert -> dropbearmulti lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 13 Dec 16 01:49 usr/bin/dropbearkey -> dropbearmulti -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 1365144 Dec 16 01:49 usr/bin/dropbearmulti -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 2881 Dec 16 01:49 usr/bin/login-remote.sh lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 13 Dec 16 01:49 usr/bin/scp -> dropbearmulti drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Dec 16 01:49 usr/lib lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 3 Dec 16 01:49 usr/lib32 -> lib lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 3 Dec 16 01:49 usr/lib64 -> lib drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Dec 16 01:49 usr/sbin lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 11 Dec 16 01:49 usr/sbin/cache_check -> pdata_tools lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 11 Dec 16 01:49 usr/sbin/cache_dump -> pdata_tools lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 11 Dec 16 01:49 usr/sbin/cache_metadata_size -> pdata_tools lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 11 Dec 16 01:49 usr/sbin/cache_repair -> pdata_tools lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 11 Dec 16 01:49 usr/sbin/cache_restore -> pdata_tools lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 11 Dec 16 01:49 usr/sbin/cache_writeback -> pdata_tools -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 1262952 Dec 16 01:49 usr/sbin/dmsetup lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 7 Dec 16 01:49 usr/sbin/dmstats -> dmsetup lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 20 Dec 16 01:49 usr/sbin/dropbear -> ../bin/dropbearmulti lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 11 Dec 16 01:49 usr/sbin/era_check -> pdata_tools lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 11 Dec 16 01:49 usr/sbin/era_dump -> pdata_tools lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 11 Dec 16 01:49 usr/sbin/era_invalidate -> pdata_tools lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 11 Dec 16 01:49 usr/sbin/era_restore -> pdata_tools -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 2905416 Dec 16 01:49 usr/sbin/lvm -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 3061192 Dec 16 01:49 usr/sbin/pdata_tools -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 609 Dec 16 01:49 usr/sbin/resume-boot lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 11 Dec 16 01:49 usr/sbin/thin_check -> pdata_tools lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 11 Dec 16 01:49 usr/sbin/thin_delta -> pdata_tools lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 11 Dec 16 01:49 usr/sbin/thin_dump -> pdata_tools lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 11 Dec 16 01:49 usr/sbin/thin_ls -> pdata_tools lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 11 Dec 16 01:49 usr/sbin/thin_metadata_size -> pdata_tools lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 11 Dec 16 01:49 usr/sbin/thin_repair -> pdata_tools lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 11 Dec 16 01:49 usr/sbin/thin_restore -> pdata_tools lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 11 Dec 16 01:49 usr/sbin/thin_rmap -> pdata_tools lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 11 Dec 16 01:49 usr/sbin/thin_trim -> pdata_tools -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 3076 Dec 16 01:49 usr/sbin/unlock-luks drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 0 Dec 16 01:49 usr/share drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Dec 16 01:49 usr/share/udhcpc -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 1098 Dec 16 01:49 usr/share/udhcpc/default.script drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 0 Dec 16 01:49 var drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Dec 16 01:49 var/log -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Dec 16 01:49 var/log/lastlog -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Dec 16 01:49 var/log/wtmp lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 6 Dec 16 01:49 var/run -> ../run ========================================================================
The output above shows the e1000.ko file for an Intel NIC, the dropbear executable (usr/bin/dropbearmulti), and the cryptsetup (sbin/cryptsetup) executable have been embedded into the initramfs file.
Manual extraction
To extract a generated initramfs to inspect its content:
root #mkdir /tmp/initramfs
root #cd /tmp/initramfs
root #xzcat /boot/initramfs-5.3.14-gentoo-r1-x86_64-wifitest2.img | cpio -idmv
root #ls -l sbin/cryptsetup
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 2813384 Dec 16 01:49 sbin/cryptsetup
Manual extraction will be difficult if CPU microcode updates have been embedded into the initramfs.
Microcode loading
For microcode (ucode) updates, kernel must support (early-)microcode loading and microcode updates must be present early at boot. See Microcode article for more details.
Microcode loading support in kernel
By default, genkernel will enable microcode loading support in kernel for both, AMD and Intel processors. This behavior can be controlled through MICROCODE option in /etc/genkernel.conf or by using the --microcode=(no|all|amd|intel) command-line parameter during invocation.
Embedding microcode updates into initramfs
To embed microcode (ucode) updates into initramfs, MICROCODE_INITRAMFS must be enabled in /etc/genkernel.conf or command-line parameter --microcode-initramfs must be passed at invocation. This will cause genkernel to prepend microcode(s) for selected processor (see --microcode option above) to initramfs in case sys-firmware/intel-microcode with the split-ucode USE flag for Intel processors and/or sys-kernel/linux-firmware for AMD processors is installed.
The technique of embedding microcode updates into the initramfs has been deprecated for modern systems in favor of using bootloaders (like sys-boot/grub) which are capable of loading multiple initramfs files. When using GRUB, or another modern bootloader, it is recommended to install sys-firmware/intel-microcode for Intel and sys-kernel/linux-firmware for AMD processors, both require the
initramfs USE flag to be enabled. Let the bootloader load /boot/amd-uc.img and/or /boot/intel-uc.img in addition to genkernel's initramfs. This will enable updating of the CPU microcode independently of kernel/initramfs updates.Firmware loading
Specific firmware files can be added to genkernel's automatically generated initramfs when listed, with relative paths, in the variable FIRMWARE_FILES in /etc/genkernel.conf. When sys-kernel/genkernel is installed with USE="firmware" it will prefer firmware files from /lib/firmware.
/etc/genkernel.confIncluding firmware in the initramfs# Add firmware(s) to initramfs
FIRMWARE="yes"
# Specify directory to pull from
FIRMWARE_DIR="/lib/firmware"
# Specify a comma-separated list of firmware files or directories to include,
# relative to FIRMWARE_DIR. If empty or unset, the full contents of
# FIRMWARE_DIR will be included (if FIRMWARE option above is set to YES).
FIRMWARE_FILES="<comma-separated list of firmware files here>"
In case sys-kernel/gentoo-sources is installed with USE="experimental" and the kernel is configured with CONFIG_GENTOO_PRINT_FIRMWARE_INFO=y, the following command gets a comma-separated list of all currently loaded firmware files for the use in the FIRMWARE_FILES variable from /etc/genkernel.conf as illustrated above (the output is just an example):
root #dmesg -t | grep '^Loading firmware*' | sed 's/^Loading\sfirmware:\s//' | echo $(cat) | tr ' ' ',' amdgpu/green_sardine_sdma.bin,amdgpu/green_sardine_asd.bin,amdgpu/green_sardine_ta.bin,amdgpu/green_sardine_pfp.bin,amdgpu/green_sardine_me.bin,amdgpu/green_sardine_ce.bin,amdgpu/green_sardine_rlc.bin,amdgpu/green_sardine_mec.bin,amdgpu/green_sardine_dmcub.bin,amdgpu/green_sardine_vcn.bin,regulatory.db,regulatory.db.p7s,rtw89/rtw8852a_fw.bin,rtl_bt/rtl8852au_fw.bin,rtl_bt/rtl8852au_config.bin,rtl_nic/rtl8168h-2.fw
It is also possible to incorporate the firmware into the kernel image directly, but be aware that CONFIG_EXTRA_FIRMWARE in the kernel configuration file .config (normally found in /usr/src/linux) requires a space-separated list (output example):
root #dmesg -t | grep '^Loading firmware*' | sed 's/^Loading\sfirmware:\s//' | echo $(cat) amdgpu/green_sardine_sdma.bin amdgpu/green_sardine_asd.bin amdgpu/green_sardine_ta.bin amdgpu/green_sardine_pfp.bin amdgpu/green_sardine_me.bin amdgpu/green_sardine_ce.bin amdgpu/green_sardine_rlc.bin amdgpu/green_sardine_mec.bin amdgpu/green_sardine_dmcub.bin amdgpu/green_sardine_vcn.bin regulatory.db regulatory.db.p7s rtw89/rtw8852a_fw.bin rtl_bt/rtl8852au_fw.bin rtl_bt/rtl8852au_config.bin rtl_nic/rtl8168h-2.fw
Such a list will only be complete if the drivers successfully load all the required firmware(s): In case a driver requires more than one firmware file but fails loading the first one, only this will be listed and thereby other required firmware filenames will be missing. A recommended procedure to find all required firmware files is to compile the respective drivers as modules first,
M in the kernel configuration, and to notthe modules in initramfs. The modules will be loaded after switching to the real / (root) directory, where all firmware files will be available from sys-kernel/linux-firmware (and others) under /lib/firmware. When a system boots successfully with this method, running the above command will gather a complete list of the required firmware files. The files can be included in the initramfs (or the kernel itself), allowing for the drivers to be compiled directly into the kernel, * in the kernel configuration, or to include the drivers as kernel modules in the initramfs as well. In both cases loading the modules will be earlier and it will be successful with the availability of the firmware files in the initramfs, which must be loaded alongside the kernel e.g. using GRUB.Remote rescue shell
genkernel can embed the net-misc/dropbear SSH daemon into the initramfs which will allow fixing certain things on boot remotely when initramfs is at least able to load. The most common used feature will be remote unlock capability for LUKS-encrypted root or swap devices or ZFS volumes.
Pre-requirement for SSH daemon support in initramfs
A authorized_keys file must exist before genkernel will be invoked. By default, genkernel will look for /etc/dropbear/authorized_keys. Command-line argument --ssh-authorized-keys-file=/path/to/custom/authorized_keys or genkernel configuration option SSH_AUTHORIZED_KEYS_FILE can be used to alter default value.
Create /etc/dropbear/authorized_keys as a symlink to /root/.ssh/authorized_keys for example to keep root access and remote rescue shell access in sync!
Adding SSH support to initramfs
To embed SSH daemon into genkernel's initramfs, run genkernel with --ssh command-line argument or set SSH="yes" in genkernel configuration file. Needless to mention that this feature will require working network at boot. The following example will just (re-)build initramfs with SSH daemon embedded:
root #genkernel --ssh initramfs
* Gentoo Linux Genkernel; Version 4.0.1 * Using genkernel configuration from '/etc/genkernel.conf' ... * Running with options: --ssh initramfs </div> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> * Working with Linux kernel 5.3.14-gentoo-r1-x86_64 for x86_64 * Using kernel config file '/etc/kernels/kernel-config-5.3.14-gentoo-r1-x86_64' ... </div> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> * initramfs: >> Initializing ... * >> Appending devices cpio data ... * >> Appending base_layout cpio data ... * >> Appending auxilary cpio data ... * >> Appending blkid cpio data ... * >> Appending busybox cpio data ... * >> Appending dropbear cpio data ... ================================================================= This initramfs' sshd will use the following host key(s): 256 MD5:a5:13:09:90:5b:f6:a1:95:49:9f:87:d9:fa:e5:d8:02 (ECDSA) 256 SHA256:5dxNGEOwH9hvX4+sV4WtzRV/9m8/hrhgnNtTplZf5x8 (ECDSA) 2048 MD5:1d:e6:cc:ce:c8:96:a0:73:3e:4c:2a:56:ce:b9:10:26 (RSA) 2048 SHA256:V4WrMKhfVSxSeW3XIbW8dSaAmXiwN6jiMA/geNKLcqA (RSA) ================================================================= * >> Appending modprobed cpio data ... * >> Appending modules cpio data ... * >> Appending linker cpio data ... * >> Deduping cpio ... * >> Pre-generating initramfs' /etc/ld.so.cache ... * >> Compressing cpio data (.xz) ... * * You will find the initramfs in '/boot/initramfs-5.3.14-gentoo-r1-x86_64.img'. </div> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> * WARNING... WARNING... WARNING... * Additional kernel parameters that *may* be required to boot properly: * - Add "dosshd" to start SSH daemon in initramfs </div> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> * Do NOT report kernel bugs as genkernel bugs unless your bug * is about the default genkernel configuration... * * Make sure you have the latest ~arch genkernel before reporting bugs.
By default, genkernel will generate own, dedicated SSH host keys for any missing supported key algorithm for embedded SSH daemon. This will allow to differentiate between real system's SSH daemon and initramfs' SSH daemon. To use host's SSH host keys instead or generate new keys at runtime on each boot use
--ssh-host-keys command-line option and see genkernel's man page for more details.Enabling SSH daemon on boot
Just adding SSH daemon to initramfs is not enough. Because exposing any network service could be a security risk, this feature must be enabled via the kernel command-line argument dosshd! See Configure Network for how to configure network in genkernel.
Remote unlock
There are two possibilities to unlock LUKS-encrypted root and/or swap volume: A manual way, through an SSH connection, run a command and will get prompted for passphrase(s) or an automatic way where user passes passphrase through SSH as command.
This will require a kernel/initramfs generated with
--luks command-line argument and kernel must be booted with crypt_root (and/or crypt_swap) kernel command-line argument.
ZFS user must generate kernel/initramfs with --zfs command-line argument and kernel must be booted with dozfs kernel command-line argument.Manual unlock
Connect to the remote system through SSH and run the following commands:
user $ssh root@remote-system-running-genkernel-initramfs-with-dosshd
>> Welcome to Genkernel 4.0.1 (2019-12-16 22:34:14 UTC) remote rescue shell! >> ...running Linux kernel 5.3.14-gentoo-r1-x86_64 </div> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> >> The lockfile '/tmp/remote-rescueshell.lock' was created. >> In order to resume boot process, run 'resume-boot'. >> Be aware that it will kill your connection which means >> you will no longer be able to work in this shell. >> To remote unlock LUKS-encrypted root device, run 'unlock-luks root'. </div> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> remote rescueshell ~ # unlock-luks root >> Detected real_root as a md device. Setting up the device node ... Enter passphrase for /dev/md126: >> LUKS device /dev/md126 opened remote rescueshell ~ # resume-boot >> Resuming boot process ...
In this example, system was booted with just
crypt_root= set in kernel command-line. In case system was booted with crypt_swap= there will be an additional prompt regarding how to unlock swap.
ZFS user will get prompted to use unlock-zfs command instead.Automatic unlock
It's basically the same like manual unlock just without the need to manually run resume-boot. In case user has both, encrypted root and swap volume, user must unlock swap volume first:
user $cat /path/to/secret.key/on/local/disk | ssh root@remote-system-running-genkernel-initramfs-with-dosshd post root
>> Detected real_root as a md device. Setting up the device node ... >> LUKS device /dev/md126 opened >> Resuming boot process ...
Automatic unlock is not available for ZFS users.
Network booting
From an installation CD
The genkernel utility can build kernel and initrd images that provide support for network booting, or netbooting. With any luck, users should be able to netboot any recent computer into the environment provided by the Installation CD.
The magic lies in genkernel's linuxrc script: it will try to netmount the Installation CD using NFS. From there, the init scripts of the Installation CD can take over, as if the CD was present locally.
Building the kernel and initramfs with netboot support
To enable support for netbooting, include the following options while configuring the kernel:
Support for netbooting with genkernel is experimental and may contain bugs.
First, the kernel image must include the drivers for the system's Network Interface Cards (NIC). Normally, drivers for such devices will be compiled as modules. However, it is essential (for netbooting) that such drivers are compiled directly into the kernel image and not as modules.
Device Drivers --->
Networking Support --->
Ethernet (10 or 100Mbit) --->
[*] Ethernet (10 or 100Mbit)
<*> The driver(s) for each network card
Be sure to select <*> and not <M>.
Secondly, it is suggested that IP: kernel level autoconfiguration is enabled as well as IP: DHCP support options. This avoids an unnecessary layer of complexity since the IP address and the NFS path to the Installation CD can be configured on a DHCP server. Of course, this means the kernel command line will remain constant for any machine — which is very important for etherbooting.
Device Drivers --->
Networking Support --->
Networking options
[*] TCP/IP networking--->
[*] IP: kernel level autoconfiguration
[*] IP: DHCP support
Tells the kernel to send a DHCP request at bootup.
Additionally, enable SquashFS because most modern Gentoo Installation CDs require it. Support for SquashFS is not included with the generic kernel source tree. To enable SquashFS, apply the necessary patches to the generic kernel source or install gentoo-sources.
File systems--->
Miscellaneous filesystems --->
[*] SquashFS 2.X - Squashed file system support
Once the compilation process is completed, create a compressed tarball (tar.gz) that contains the kernel's modules. This step is only necessary if the kernel version does not match the kernel image version on the Installation CD.
To create an archive containing all the modules:
root #cd /
root #tar -cf /tmp/modules-X.Y.Z.tar.gz /lib/modules/X.Y.Z/Depending on the network boot mechanism, one of the following steps need to be followed:
To create an etherboot image:
root #emerge --ask net-misc/mknbiroot #cd /boot
root #mkelf-linux -params="root=/dev/ram0 init=/linuxrc ip=dhcp" kernel... initrd... > etherboot.imgOpenBoot/SPARC64 TFTP படத்தை உருவாக்க:
root #emerge --ask sys-apps/sparc-utilsroot #cd /boot
root #elftoaout kernel... -o kernel.aout
root #piggyback64 kernel.aout System.map-... initrd-...
root #mv kernel.aout openboot.imgopenboot.img கோப்பானது துவக்க படமாகும்.
Finally, copy this kernel to the TFTP server. The details are architecture-dependent and are beyond the scope of this guide. Please refer to the documentation for the specific platform of interest.
NFS setup
To setup a NFS share that contains the Installation CD, use the loop device to mount the ISO image and then copy the contents of the CD into the NFS share. As a nice extra, genkernel's initrd scripts will extract all tar.gz files located in the /nfs/livecd/add/ directory. All that needs to be done here is copy the modules-X.Y.Z.tar.gz archive to the /nfs/livecd/add/ directory.
The following assumes that /nfs/livecd is an exported NFS share:
root #mount /tmp/gentoo-livecd.iso /mnt/cdrom -o loop
root #cp -p /mnt/cdrom /nfs/livecd
root #umount /mnt/cdromNow copy the modules.tar.gz file into /add:
root #mkdir /nfs/livecd/add
root #cp /tmp/modules-X.Y.Z.tar.gz /nfs/livecd/addDHCP நிறுவல்
netboot படங்களானது IP முகவரி அத்துடன் root-path விருப்பத்தேர்விற்காக வலையமைப்பில் உள்ள DHCP சேவையகத்திடம் வினவும். இயந்திரங்களை அடையாளம் கொள்வதற்கு இவை இரண்டையும் MAC முகவரியைப் பயன்படுத்தி ஒவ்வொரு புரவலனுக்கும் தனித்தனியே குறிப்பிட இயலும்.
/etc/dhcpd.confமாதிரி பயனர் dhcpd.conf நிறுவல்# இங்கு, 192.168.1.2 என்பது NFS சேவையகமாகும், 192.168.1.10 என்பது netboot செய்யப்பட்ட இயந்திரத்தின் IP முகவரியாகும்
host netbootableMachine {
hardware ethernet 11:22:33:44:55:66;
fixed-address 192.168.1.10;
option root-path "192.168.1.2:/nfs/livecd";
}
Netbooting instructions
Netbooting itself is again very platform-specific. The important part is to specify the ip=dhcp and init=/linuxrc parameters on the kernel command line, as this will bring up the network interface and tell the initrd scripts to mount the Installation CD via NFS. Here are some platform-specific tips.
For etherboot, insert the etherboot disk into the drive and reboot. The kernel command line was specified when the image was constructed.
With Sparc64, press Stop+A at the boot prompt and then enter:
okboot net ip=dhcp init=/linuxrcFor PXE, setup pxelinux (part of syslinux), then create a pxelinux.cfg/default along the lines of:
pxelinux.cfg/defaultDefault entryDEFAULT gentoo
TIMEOUT 40
PROMPT 1
LABEL gentoo
KERNEL kernel-X.Y.Z
APPEND initrd=initrd-X.Y.Z root=/dev/ram0 init=/linuxrc ip=dhcp
Booting a genkernel initramfs
முன்னுரை
If an initramfs is installed with genkernel, then take a look at the various boot options that can (or should) be defined in the bootloader configuration. The most common ones are added to this guide.
Loading LVM or software-RAID
If the system uses LVM or software-RAID, the initramfs has to be built using the --lvm and --mdadm options. Do not forget to enable support during boot as well. This can be done using the dolvm and domdadm options.
/boot/grub/grub.confEnabling LVM and/or MDADM support# Example for GRUB 1.x
title Gentoo Linux
root (hd0,0)
kernel /vmlinuz root=/dev/md3 dolvm domdadm
initrd /initramfs-genkernel-x86_64-3.4.3
Booting in single-user mode
If for some reason boot-up fails, rescuing the system by booting in the single-user mode is still possible. This will only load the really necessary services and then drop the user to a rescue (root) shell.
/boot/grub/grub.confBooting in single-user mode# Example for GRUB 1.x
title Gentoo Linux
root (hd0,0)
kernel /vmlinuz root=/dev/md3 init_opts=S
initrd /initramfs-genkernel-x86_64-3.4.3
Cross-compile support
To build kernel and/or initramfs for a different platform as genkernel is being executed on, kernel/initramfs must be cross-compiled.
root #genkernel --mdadm --no-install --cross-compile=aarch64-linux-gnu allThe above command causes genkernel to create a kernel supporting MD raid and embed mdadm into initramfs (--mdadm), both kernel and initramfs will have to be manually installed (--no-install). The kernel and programs embedded into initramfs will run on arm64 (--cross-compile=aarch64-linux-gnu).
--cross-compile=<target triplet>- Target triple (i.e.
aarch64-linux-gnu) to build for. Only needed when the system running genkernel has a different architecture like the system which should boot the created kernel/initramfs.
The recommended way to create a cross-compile environment is using sys-devel/crossdev. See the how to create a cross-compile environment article for more details.
Initramfs kernel command-line parameters
The following parameter list is just an excerpt. Always check the version relevant man genkernel.
root=<...>- Specifies the device node of the root filesystem to mount. I.e.
root=/dev/sda3,root=UUID=a1e5968c-bd1b-41ee-bf08-2d0ed376fa83. cdroot- This attempts to load livecd.squashfs and is used for loading live media.
crypt_root=<...>- This specifies the device encrypted by LUKS, which contains the root filesystem to mount. Supports same syntax like
rootkernel command-line parameter from above.குறிப்பு
Will require that at least initramfs was built with--luksoption set. crypt_swap=<...>- This specifies the swap device encrypted by LUKS. For more details please see
crypt_rootkernel command-line parameter from above. root_trim=(yes|no)- Enables TRIM support for a LUKS-based root device. குறிப்பு
Will require that at least initramfs was built with--luksoption set and is only useful for flash-based volumes. ip=<dhcp,addr/cidr>- Normally used to tell the kernel that it should start a network interface which can be specified using
gk.net.ifacekernel parameter. By default,dhcpwill be used. A specific IP address can be set usingaddr/CIDRnotation, i.e.1.2.3.4/24. gk.net.dhcp.retries=<...>- Sends up to 3 DHCP discovery requests by default.
gk.net.iface=<interface,macaddr>- Use the interface named
eth0by default. Use this kernel parameter to specify another interface.
A MAC address (00:00:00:00:00:00 format) can be specified instead of an interface name. gk.net.gw=<...>- Optional gateway. If ip is set to dhcp, this kernel parameter will be ignored.
gk.net.routes=<...>- Optional additional routes. If ip is set to dhcp, this kernel parameter will be ignored.
gk.net.timeout.dad=<...>- Wait up to 10 seconds by default for IPv6's DAD to complete. At the moment, only wait for DAD while bringing down an interface to prevent a race condition.
gk.net.timeout.deconfiguration=<...>- Wait up to 10 seconds by default while bringing down an interface to prevent a race condition.
gk.net.timeout.dhcp=<...>- Wait up to 10 seconds by default for a DHCP server reply.
gk.net.timeout.interface=<...>- Wait up to 10 seconds by default for interface to show up.
gk.prompt.timeout=<...>- By default a prompt within genkernel initramfs like shown when set root could not be found will never timeout. Use this option to set a timeout. குறிப்பு
When dosshd is used,gk.prompt.timeoutwill be set to 30 seconds when not set. This will allow remote user to provide answer through GK_PROMPT_FILE which is set to /tmp/current_prompt by default. dosshd- Will bring up an interface and start a SSH daemon within initramfs allowing to remotely unlock encrypted devices or just for debugging purpose. See ip option for how to configure network. குறிப்பு
Will require that initramfs was built at least with--sshoption set. gk.sshd.port=<...>- By default, sshd will listen on port 22.
gk.sshd.wait=<...>- Wait X seconds after setting up sshd. Useful for login (and thus pause boot process) before booting real system.
dolvm- Activate LVM volumes on bootup. குறிப்பு
Will require that initramfs was built at least with--lvmoption set. lvmraid=<...>- Specify RAID devices to set up before the activation of LVM volumes. Implies option
dolvmfrom above. domdadm(Deprecated in Genkernel 4.2.0, udev rules now control MD assembly)- Scan for RAID arrays on bootup. குறிப்பு
Will require that initramfs was built at least with--mdadmoption set. dozfs[=cache,force]- Scan for bootable ZFS pools on bootup. Optionally use cachefile or force import if necessary or perform both actions. குறிப்பு
Will require that initramfs was built at least with--zfsoption set. gk.log.disabled=<...>- By default, any shown message and external command calls will be logged to /tmp/init.log in initramfs. Disables logging.
gk.log.keep=<...>- When set to a boolean value, genkernel will preserve /tmp/init.log, see above, and copy file to /genkernel-boot.log on root device (see
rootorreal_rootkernel command-line parameter above). Customize to a file like /root/my-genkernel-boot.log to copy the log.குறிப்பு
The default file /genkernel-boot.log on root was chosen because genkernel's initramfs will only mount root filesystem by default. To store the log file at /var/log/genkernel-boot.log, the mount point must be accessible (see /etc/initramfs.mounts). gk.hw.load-all=<...>- By default, genkernel loads various module groups (nvme, sata, scsi, pata, usb...) until block device specified in
rootparameter (see above) becomes available. This boolean option can be used to force loading of all module groups regardless whether root device is already available when set to yes.
பழுது இடமறிதல்
Can genkernel be used for systemd-based systems?
Yes.
Genkernel? Genkernel-next? Dracut?
sys-kernel/genkernel-next has been removed from the Gentoo repository as of August, 20, 2020
Gentoo is about choices. sys-kernel/genkernel-next was created as fork of sys-kernel/genkernel when genkernel development was stuck, booting a systemd-based system using kernel/initramfs created with sys-kernel/genkernel was a problem (systemd support in sys-kernel/genkernel is fixed for quite some time) and some developers wanted support for things like sys-boot/plymouth which requires sys-fs/udev which was not and still is not compatible with genkernel's main idea (see "Note" right at the beginning of this article). While the name suggests that sys-kernel/genkernel-next is or will be the successor of sys-kernel/genkernel, it is just misleading: Since 2013 there are some requests to merge genkernel-next back into genkernel but the process became stuck. Since the release of sys-kernel/genkernel-4 which changed a lot and the fact that there was no progress in sys-kernel/genkernel-next development since 2018, it's now very unlikely that genkernel-next will ever merge back into genkernel.
sys-kernel/dracut in comparison to sys-kernel/genkernel is just a generic tool for creating an initramfs. It does not create a kernel like genkernel does. I.e. while both, genkernel and dracut supports booting from LUKS-encrypted root volume, only genkernel will ensure that kernel will have all required options set. It's also worthwhile to mention that genkernel will compile most packages (LVM, cryptsetup, mdadm, sshd...) used in initramfs on its own whereas dracut will copy binaries from host system which can be a problem for some setups. Thus, genkernel supports kernel/initramfs creation for another system (cross-compile) unlike dracut or genkernel-next.
Can a separate kernel/initramfs be created for tests?
root #genkernel --kernel-config=/proc/config.gz --kernel-append-localversion=-test42 --menuconfig allThe above command causes genkernel to build a new kernel and initramfs (all) based on config from current running kernel (--kernel-config=/proc/config.gz), invoke menuconfig (--menuconfig) allowing user to adjust configuration and will append -test42 to kernel's LOCALVERSION variable (--kernel-append-localversion=-test42) which will affect naming of kernel image, modules dir and initramfs by default.
How can external modules (such as xtables-addons, nvidia-drivers...) be rebuilt for a new kernel?
By default, genkernel will call emerge @module-rebuild when building a kernel to ensure that out-of-tree modules installed through the package manager are still present in new/rebuilt kernel. This feature can be toggled via --[no-]module-rebuild command-line argument or MODULEREBUILD in /etc/genkernel.conf.
How can additional commands be run after building the kernel?
Genkernel provides a callback for that (before version 4, callback was used to rebuild external modules). See CMD_CALLBACK in /etc/genkernel.conf for more details.
How can ccache or distcc be used with genkernel?
Set up ccache or distcc the normal way like for sys-apps/portage. Set --kernel-cc command-line parameter or adjust KERNEL_CC in /etc/genkernel.conf for the desired tool to use. Do the same for UTILS_CC (--utils-cc) and UTILS_CXX (--utils-cxx).
ERROR: compile_kernel(): compile_generic() failed to compile the "bzImage" target!
Check /var/log/genkernel.log first. In most cases, a root cause will appear like:
/var/log/genkernel.log[...]
AR drivers/usb/built-in.a
AR drivers/built-in.a
GEN .version
CHK include/generated/compile.h
AR built-in.a
LD vmlinux.o
MODPOST vmlinux.o
ld: .tmp_vmlinux1: final close failed: No space left on device
make: *** [Makefile:1032: vmlinux] Error 1
* ERROR: compile_kernel(): compile_generic() failed to compile the "bzImage" target!
* Please consult '/var/log/genkernel.log' for more information and any
* errors that were reported above.
*
* Report any genkernel bugs to bugs.gentoo.org and
* assign your bug to genkernel@gentoo.org. Please include
* as much information as you can in your bug report; attaching
* '/var/log/genkernel.log' so that your issue can be dealt with effectively.
*
* Please do *not* report kernel compilation failures as genkernel bugs!
*
* mount: >> Boot partition state on '/boot' was not changed; Skipping restore boot partition state ...
>>> Ended on: 2019-12-16 02:30:19 (after 0 days 0 hours 07 minutes 49 seconds)
</pre>
In other words: The system has run out of disk space (No space left on device) during compilation.
To guard against problems like this set CHECK_FREE_DISK_SPACE_BOOTDIR=50 and CHECK_FREE_DISK_SPACE_KERNELOUTPUTDIR=4000 in /etc/genkernel.conf in which case genkernel would fail early with a message like
root #genkernel --kernel-config=/proc/config.gz all
* Gentoo Linux Genkernel; Version 4.0.1 * Using genkernel configuration from '/etc/genkernel.conf' ... * Running with options: --kernel-config=/proc/config.gz all * Working with Linux kernel 4.19.89-gentoo-x86_64 for x86_64 * Using kernel config file '/proc/config.gz' ... * * Note: The version above is subject to change (depends on config and status of kernel sources). * ERROR: 4000 MB free disk space is required in '/usr/src/linux' but only 1026 MB is available! [...]
Is the order of kernel command-line arguments important?
No.
Required kernel option 'CONFIG_MICROCODE_INTEL' or 'CONFIG_MICROCODE_AMD' which genkernel tried to set is missing!
Kernel v6.6 permanently applied the kernel config parameters (see this commit). This was fixed in version 4.3.10 of sys-kernel/genkernel.
Help! Something isn't working!
To report a problem, please always provide /var/log/genkernel.log (sometimes it maybe necessary to compress that file before sharing or attaching to bugs) which will help developers a lot. Even if the command is run with --loglevel=1 (default), the logfile will always contain complete output (no need to re-run with logging turned on) which will help developers to understand, reproduce and maybe fix a bug.
இதையும் காண்க
- Dracut — an initramfs infrastructure and aims to have as little as possible hard-coded into the initramfs.
- Kernel — the core of the operating system.
- Kernel/Configuration — describes the manual configuration and setup of the Linux kernel.
- Project:Distribution Kernel — aims to maintain sys-kernel/*-kernel packages.
This page is based on a document formerly found on our main website gentoo.org.
The following people contributed to the original document: Tim Yamin, Jimi Ayodele, Thomas Seiler, Joshua Saddler (nightmorph), Sebastian Pipping (sping) , José Fournier (jaaf)
They are listed here because wiki history does not allow for any external attribution. If you edit the wiki article, please do not add yourself here; your contributions are recorded on each article's associated history page.