Handbuch:IA64/Arbeiten/Initskripts
The contents of this page do not apply to users that chose a systemd profile in Choosing the right profile.
Runlevel
Booten des Systems
Wenn das System hochgefahren wird, wird viel Text eingeblendet. Wenn man genau hinschaut, wird man feststellen, dass dieser Text (normalerweise) bei jedem Neustart des Systems der gleiche ist. Die Abfolge all dieser Aktionen wird als Boot-Sequenz bezeichnet und ist (mehr oder weniger) statisch festgelegt.
Zunächst lädt der Bootloader das Kernel-Image, das in der Bootloader-Konfigurations definiert ist. Anschließend weist der Bootloader die CPU an, den Kernel auszuführen. Wenn der Kernel geladen und ausgeführt ist, initialisiert er alle kernelspezifischen Strukturen und Aufgaben und startet den init-Prozess.
Dieser Prozess stellt dann sicher, dass alle Dateisysteme (definiert in /etc/fstab) eingehängt und einsatzbereit sind. Dann führt er mehrere Skripte in /etc/init.d/ aus, die die Dienste starten, die für ein erfolgreich gebootetes System erforderlich sind.
Schließlich, wenn alle Skripte ausgeführt sind, aktiviert init die Terminals (in den meisten Fällen nur die virtuellen Konsolen, die unter Alt+F1, Alt+F2, etc. versteckt sind) und hängt einen spezifischen Prozess namens agetty daran. Dieser Prozess sorgt dafür, dass sich die Benutzer über diese Terminals anmelden können, indem er login ausführt.
Init-Skripts
Jetzt führt init die Skripte in /etc/init.d/ nicht mehr wahllos aus. Mehr noch, es führt nicht alle Skripte in /etc/init.d/ aus, sondern nur die Skripte, die es ausführen soll. Es entscheidet, welche Skripte es ausführt, indem es in /etc/runlevels/ nachschaut.
Zunächst führt init alle Skripte aus /etc/init.d/ aus, die symbolische Links innerhalb von /etc/runlevels/boot/ haben. Normalerweise werden die Skripte in alphabetischer Reihenfolge gestartet, aber einige Skripte enthalten Abhängigkeitsinformationen, die dem System mitteilen, dass ein anderes Skript ausgeführt werden muss, bevor sie gestartet werden können.
When all /etc/runlevels/boot/ referenced scripts are executed, init continues with running the scripts that have a symbolic link to them in /etc/runlevels/default/. Again, it will use the alphabetical order to decide what script to run first, unless a script has dependency information in it, in which case the order is changed to provide a valid start-up sequence. The latter is also the reason why commands used during the installation of Gentoo Linux used default, as in rc-update add sshd default.
Wie init funktioniert
Natürlich kann init das nicht alles selbst entscheiden. Es benötigt eine Konfigurationsdatei, die angibt, welche Aktionen durchgeführt müssen. Diese Konfigurationsdatei ist /etc/inittab.
Erinnern Sie sich an die soeben beschriebene Boot-Sequenz - die erste Aktion von init besteht darin, alle Dateisysteme einzuhängen. Dies ist in der folgenden Zeile aus /etc/inittab definiert:
/etc/inittabInitialisierungsbefehlsi::sysinit:/sbin/openrc sysinit
Diese Zeile sagt init, dass es /sbin/openrc sysinit ausführen muss, um das System zu initialisieren. Das Skript /sbin/openrc kümmert sich um die Initialisierung, so dass man sagen könnte, dass init nicht viel tut - es delegiert die Aufgabe der Initialisierung des Systems an einen anderen Prozess.
Second, init executed all scripts that had symbolic links in /etc/runlevels/boot/. This is defined in the following line:
/etc/inittabBoot command invocationrc::bootwait:/sbin/openrc boot
Again the OpenRC script performs the necessary tasks. Note that the option given to OpenRC (boot) is the same as the sub-directory of /etc/runlevels/ that is used.
Now init checks its configuration file to see what runlevel it should run. To decide this, it reads the following line from /etc/inittab:
/etc/inittabDefault runlevel selectionid:3:initdefault:
In this case (which the majority of Gentoo users will use), the runlevel id is 3. Using this information, init checks what it must run to start runlevel 3:
/etc/inittabRunlevel definitionsl0:0:wait:/sbin/openrc shutdown
l1:S1:wait:/sbin/openrc single
l2:2:wait:/sbin/openrc nonetwork
l3:3:wait:/sbin/openrc default
l4:4:wait:/sbin/openrc default
l5:5:wait:/sbin/openrc default
l6:6:wait:/sbin/openrc reboot
The line that defines level 3, again, uses the openrc script to start the services (now with argument default). Again note that the argument of openrc is the same as the subdirectory from /etc/runlevels/.
When OpenRC has finished, init decides what virtual consoles it should activate and what commands need to be run at each console:
/etc/inittabTerminal definitionsc1:12345:respawn:/sbin/agetty 38400 tty1 linux
c2:12345:respawn:/sbin/agetty 38400 tty2 linux
c3:12345:respawn:/sbin/agetty 38400 tty3 linux
c4:12345:respawn:/sbin/agetty 38400 tty4 linux
c5:12345:respawn:/sbin/agetty 38400 tty5 linux
c6:12345:respawn:/sbin/agetty 38400 tty6 linux
Available runlevels
In a previous section, we saw that init uses a numbering scheme to decide what runlevel it should activate. A runlevel is a state in which the system is running and contains a collection of scripts (runlevel scripts or initscripts) that must be executed when entering or leaving a runlevel.
In Gentoo, there are seven runlevels defined: three internal runlevels, and four user-defined runlevels. The internal runlevels are called sysinit, shutdown and reboot and do exactly what their names imply: initialize the system, powering off the system, and rebooting the system.
The user-defined runlevels are those with an accompanying /etc/runlevels/ subdirectory: boot, default, nonetwork and single. The boot runlevel starts all system-necessary services which all other runlevels use. The remaining three runlevels differ in what services they start: default is used for day-to-day operations, nonetwork is used in case no network connectivity is required, and single is used when the system needs to be fixed.
Working with initscripts
The scripts that the openrc process starts are called init scripts. Each script in /etc/init.d/ can be executed with the arguments start, stop, restart, zap, status, ineed, iuse, iwant, needsme, usesme, or wantsme.
To start, stop, or restart a service (and all depending services), the start, stop, and restart arguments should be used:
root #rc-service postfix startOnly the services that need the given service are stopped or restarted. The other depending services (those that use the service but don't need it) are left untouched.
To stop a service, but not the services that depend on it, use the --nodeps option together with the stop argument:
root #rc-service --nodeps postfix stopTo see what status a service has (started, stopped, ...) use the status argument:
root #rc-service postfix statusIf the status information shows that the service is running, but in reality it is not, then reset the status information to "stopped" with the zap argument:
root #rc-service postfix zapTo also ask what dependencies the service has, use iwant, iuse or ineed. With ineed it is possible to see the services that are really necessary for the correct functioning of the service. iwant or iuse, on the other hand, shows the services that can be used by the service, but are not necessary for the correct functioning.
root #rc-service postfix ineedSimilarly, it is possible to ask what services require the service (needsme) or can use it (usesme or wantsme):
root #rc-service postfix needsmeUpdating runlevels
rc-update
Gentoo's init system uses a dependency-tree to decide what service needs to be started first. As this is a tedious task that we wouldn't want our users to have to do manually, we have created tools that ease the administration of the runlevels and init scripts.
With rc-update it is possible to add and remove init scripts to a runlevel. The rc-update tool will then automatically ask the depscan.sh script to rebuild the dependency tree.
Adding and removing services
In earlier instructions, init scripts have already been added to the "default" runlevel. What "default" means has been explained earlier in this document. Next to the runlevel, the rc-update script requires a second argument that defines the action: add, del, or show.
To add or remove an init script, just give rc-update the add or del argument, followed by the init script and the runlevel. For instance:
root #rc-update del postfix defaultThe rc-update -v show command will show all the available init scripts and list at which runlevels they will execute:
root #rc-update -v showIt is also possible to run rc-update show (without -v) to just view enabled init scripts and their runlevels.
Configuring services
Why additional configuration is needed
Init scripts can be quite complex. It is therefore not really desirable to have the users edit the init script directly, as it would make it more error-prone. It is however important to be able to configure such a service. For instance, users might want to give more options to the service itself.
A second reason to have this configuration outside the init script is to be able to update the init scripts without the fear that the user's configuration changes will be undone.
conf.d directory
Gentoo provides an easy way to configure such a service: every init script that can be configured has a file in /etc/conf.d/. For instance, the apache2 initscript (called /etc/init.d/apache2) has a configuration file called /etc/conf.d/apache2, which can contain the options to give to the Apache 2 server when it is started:
/etc/conf.d/apache2Example options for apache2 init scriptAPACHE2_OPTS="-D PHP5"
Such a configuration file contains only variables (just like /etc/portage/make.conf does), making it very easy to configure services. It also allows us to provide more information about the variables (as comments).
Writing initscripts
Another useful resource is OpenRC's service script guide.
Is it necessary?
No, writing an init script is usually not necessary as Gentoo provides ready-to-use init scripts for all provided services. However, some users might have installed a service without using Portage, in which case they will most likely have to create an init script.
Do not use the init script provided by the service if it isn't explicitly written for Gentoo: Gentoo's init scripts are not compatible with the init scripts used by other distributions! That is, unless the other distribution is using OpenRC!
Layout
The basic layout of an init script is shown below.
#!/sbin/openrc-run
depend() {
# (Dependency information)
}
start() {
# (Commands necessary to start the service)
}
stop() {
# (Commands necessary to stop the service)
}
#!/sbin/openrc-run
command=/usr/bin/foo
command_args="${foo_args} --bar"
pidfile=/var/run/foo.pid
name="FooBar Daemon"
description="FooBar is a daemon that drinks"
extra_started_commands="drink"
description_drink="Opens mouth and reflexively swallows"
depend() {
# (Dependency information)
}
start_pre() {
# (Commands necessary to prepare to start the service)
# Ensure that our dirs are correct
checkpath --directory --owner foo:foo --mode 0775 \
/var/run/foo /var/cache/foo
}
stop_post() {
# (Commands necessary to clean up after the service)
# Clean any spills
rm -rf /var/cache/foo/*
}
drink() {
ebegin "Starting to drink"
${command} --drink beer
eend $? "Failed to drink any beer :("
}
Every init script requires the start() function or command variable to be defined. All other sections are optional.
Dependencies
There are three dependency-alike settings that can be defined which influence the start-up or sequencing of init scripts: want, use and need. Next to these, there are also two order-influencing methods called before and after. These last two are no dependencies per se - they do not make the original init script fail if the selected one isn't scheduled to start (or fails to start).
- The
usesettings informs the init system that this script uses functionality offered by the selected script, but does not directly depend on it. A good example would beuse loggeroruse dns. If those services are available, they will be put in good use, but if the system does not have a logger or DNS server the services will still work. If the services exist, then they are started before the script that uses them. - The
wantsetting is similar tousewith one exception.useonly considers services which were added to an init level.wantwill try to start any available service even if not added to an init level. - The
needsetting is a hard dependency. It means that the script that is needing another script will not start before the other script is launched successfully. Also, if that other script is restarted, then this one will be restarted as well. - When using
before, then the given script is launched before the selected one if the selected one is part of the init level. So an init script xdm that definesbefore alsasoundwill start before the alsasound script, but only if alsasound is scheduled to start as well in the same init level. If alsasound is not scheduled to start too, then this particular setting has no effect and xdm will be started when the init system deems it most appropriate. - Similarly,
afterinforms the init system that the given script should be launched after the selected one if the selected one is part of the init level. If not, then the setting has no effect and the script will be launched by the init system when it deems it most appropriate.
It should be clear from the above that need is the only "true" dependency setting as it affects if the script will be started or not. All the others are merely pointers towards the init system to clarify in which order scripts can be (or should be) launched.
Now, look at many of Gentoo's available init scripts and notice that some have dependencies on things that are no init scripts. These "things" we call virtuals.
A virtual dependency is a dependency that a service provides, but that is not provided solely by that service. An init script can depend on a system logger, but there are many system loggers available (metalogd, syslog-ng, sysklogd, ...). As the script cannot need every single one of them (no sensible system has all these system loggers installed and running) we made sure that all these services provide a virtual dependency.
For instance, take a look at the postfix dependency information:
/etc/init.d/postfixDependency information of the postfix servicedepend() {
need net
use logger dns
provide mta
}
As can be seen, the postfix service:
- Requires the (virtual) net dependency (which is provided by, for instance, /etc/init.d/net.eth0).
- Uses the (virtual) logger dependency (which is provided by, for instance, /etc/init.d/syslog-ng).
- Uses the (virtual) dns dependency (which is provided by, for instance, /etc/init.d/named).
- Provides the (virtual) mta dependency (which is common for all mail servers).
Controlling the order
As described in the previous section, it is possible to tell the init system what order it should use for starting (or stopping) scripts. This ordering is handled both through the dependency settings use and need, but also through the order settings before and after. As we have described these earlier already, let's take a look at the portmap service as an example of such init script.
/etc/init.d/portmapDependency information of the portmap servicedepend() {
need net
before inetd
before xinetd
}
It is possible to use the "*" glob to catch all services in the same runlevel, although this isn't advisable.
depend() {
before *
}
If the service must write to local disks, it should need localmount. If it places anything in /var/run/ such as a PID file, then it should start after bootmisc:
depend() {
need localmount
after bootmisc
}
Standard functions
Next to the depend() functionality, it is also necessary to define the start() function. This one contains all the commands necessary to initialize the service. It is advisable to use the ebegin and eend functions to inform the user about what is happening:
start() {
if [ "${RC_CMD}" = "restart" ];
then
# Do something in case a restart requires more than stop, start
fi
ebegin "Starting my_service"
start-stop-daemon --start --exec /path/to/my_service \
--pidfile /path/to/my_pidfile
eend $?
}
Both --exec and --pidfile should be used in start and stop functions. If the service does not create a pidfile, then use --make-pidfile if possible, though it is recommended to test this to be sure. Otherwise, don't use pidfiles. It is also possible to add --quiet to the start-stop-daemon options, but this is not recommended unless the service is extremely verbose. Using --quiet may hinder debugging if the service fails to start.
Another notable setting used in the above example is to check the contents of the RC_CMD variable. Unlike the previous init script system, the newer OpenRC system does not support script-specific restart functionality. Instead, the script needs to check the contents of the RC_CMD variable to see if a function (be it start() or stop()) is called as part of a restart or not.
Make sure that
--exec actually calls a service and not just a shell script that launches services and exits - that's what the init script is supposed to do.For more examples of the start() function, please read the source code of the available init scripts in the /etc/init.d/ directory.
Another function that can (but does not have to) be defined is stop(). The init system is intelligent enough to fill in this function by itself if start-stop-daemon is used.
stop() {
ebegin "Stopping my_service"
start-stop-daemon --stop --exec /path/to/my_service \
--pidfile /path/to/my_pidfile
eend $?
}
If the service runs some other script (for example, Bash, Python, or Perl), and this script later changes names (for example, foo.py to foo), then it is necessary to add --name to start-stop-daemon. This must specify the name that the script will be changed to. In this example, a service starts foo.py, which changes names to foo:
start() {
ebegin "Starting my_script"
start-stop-daemon --start --exec /path/to/my_script \
--pidfile /path/to/my_pidfile --name foo
eend $?
}
start-stop-daemon has an excellent man page available if more information is needed:
user $man start-stop-daemonGentoo's init script syntax is based on the POSIX Shell so people are free to use sh-compatible constructs inside their init scripts. Keep other constructs, like bash-specific ones, out of the init scripts to ensure that the scripts remain functional regardless of the change Gentoo might do on its init system.
Adding custom options
If the initscript needs to support more options than the ones we have already encountered, then add the option to one of the following variables, and create a function with the same name as the option. For instance, to support an option called restartdelay:
- extra_commands - Command is available with the service in any state
- extra_started_commands - Command is available when the service is started
- extra_stopped_commands - Command is available when the service is stopped
extra_started_commands="restartdelay"
restartdelay() {
stop
sleep 3 # Wait 3 seconds before starting again
start
}
The
restart() function cannot be overridden in OpenRC!Service configuration variables
In order to support configuration files in /etc/conf.d/, no specifics need to be implemented: when the init script is executed, the following files are automatically sourced (i.e. the variables are available to use):
- /etc/conf.d/YOUR_INIT_SCRIPT
- /etc/conf.d/basic
- /etc/rc.conf
Also, if the init script provides a virtual dependency (such as net), the file associated with that dependency (such as /etc/conf.d/net) will be sourced too.
Changing runlevel behavior
Who might benefit
Many laptop users know the situation: at home they need to start net.eth0, but they don't want to start net.eth0 while on the road (as there is no network available). With Gentoo the runlevel behavior can be altered at will.
For instance, a second "default" runlevel can be created which can be booted that has other init scripts assigned to it. At boot time, the user can then select what default runlevel to use.
Using softlevel
First of all, create the runlevel directory for the second "default" runlevel. As an example we create the offline runlevel:
root #mkdir /etc/runlevels/offlineAdd the necessary init scripts to the newly created runlevel. For instance, to have an exact copy of the current default runlevel but without net.eth0:
root #cd /etc/runlevels/default
root #for service in *; do rc-update add $service offline; done
root #rc-update del net.eth0 offline
root #rc-update show offline(Partial sample Output)
acpid | offline
domainname | offline
local | offline
net.eth0 |
Even though net.eth0 has been removed from the offline runlevel, udev might want to attempt to start any devices it detects and launch the appropriate services, a functionality that is called hotplugging. By default, Gentoo does not enable hotplugging.
To enable hotplugging, but only for a selected set of scripts, use the rc_hotplug variable in /etc/rc.conf:
/etc/rc.confEnable hotplugging of the WLAN interfacerc_hotplug="net.wlan !net.*"
For more information on device initiated services, please see the comments inside /etc/rc.conf.
Edit the bootloader configuration and add a new entry for the offline runlevel. In that entry, add softlevel=offline as a boot parameter.
Using bootlevel
Using bootlevel is completely analogous to softlevel. The only difference here is that a second "boot" runlevel is defined instead of a second "default" runlevel.