Openbox/向导

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This page is a translated version of the page Openbox/Guide and the translation is 9% complete.
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This guide covers the basics on installing and configuring the OpenBox window manager. Many potential programs to be used in conjunction with OpenBox are referenced throughout this article. For a shorter, simpler install guide see Openbox.

介绍

什么是 Openbox?

After installing The X Server the default window manager (Tab Window Manager, or TWM) just isn't going to cut it. Most users will have some experience with big desktop environments like KDE, GNOME, and Xfce. One component of those larger desktop suites is called the window manager (or WM for short). A window manager is responsible for the appearance and placement of the containers (or "windows") inside which programs run. Openbox is a minimalistic, no-frills-attached window manager.

我为什么要用它？

Openbox, unlike the larger desktop environments, depends on very few libraries. For that reason, it can provide a lightweight graphic environment that runs very quickly, even on older hardware. Whether the system hardware is old or new, Openbox also provides a highly customizable and unobtrusive working environment. That means that if there is no need for a panel, taskbar, clock, or any other program, those choices are open to make!

安装和配置

初始安装

在安装和配置x11-base/xorg-server之后，可以用一个简单的命令安装Openbox：

root #emerge --ask x11-wm/openbox

就像其他窗口管理器和桌面环境一样，为了自动加载Openbox， 需要告知X Server 启动Openbox。将Openbox添加到用户主目录中的 ~/.xinitrc：

user $echo "exec openbox-session" >> ~/.xinitrc

This will automatically start an Openbox session when startx is typed at a terminal.

重要
Since each user has their own .xinitrc file, make sure to issue the startx command as a user, not as root.
附注
If problems are experienced with automounting, or if dbus and elogind are being used, exec dbus-launch --sh-syntax --exit-with-session openbox-session should be placed in each user's .xinitrc file instead of the simple exec openbox-session command mentioned above.
附注
It is possible to replace the KDE, GNOME, or Xfce default window manager with Openbox by following the Openbox inside desktop environments directions.

Now that Openbox has been emerged and the proper command has been added to the user's .xinitrc file, issue the startx command to see Openbox in action. Beware! The desktop may appear as a cluttered mess! In following the Openbox philosophy, a bare bones environment is provided from which a user can build a desktop completely to their liking.

Upon typing the startx command, typically nothing more than the default Openbox black screen will appear. Where is the menu? Clicking the right mouse button, will generate a pop up menu in the location of the cursor. This menu is nothing more than an example to illustrate the style of an Openbox menu. Since it is just an example, none of the items in the menu will work unless the programs have been previously emerged. In the next section, we will see how to create a custom menu that contains links to the programs the user wants.

重要
When right clicking to view the menu pop up menu generates a box with no legible entries, then the system will need to install some fonts. Two common font choices are media-fonts/corefonts (under EULA license, or its free counterpart media-fonts/croscorefonts for freedom conscious individuals) and media-fonts/ttf-bitstream-vera.

菜单配置

Since the default Openbox menu is essentially useless for the reasons mentioned above, it's time that we create one that will work. Everything in the Openbox menu is written in the appropriately named menu.xml file, which can be in the user-specific location of ~/.config/openbox/menu.xml, or in the system-wide location of /etc/xdg/openbox/menu.xml. By default, the only menu.xml file that is created is the system-wide one which applies to all users on the system.

An easy way to get a basic menu file which can be modified is to use MenuMaker, which will generate a menu.xml file based on the programs which are currently installed on the system. To do so, first install it:

root #emerge menumaker

Once it is installed, make sure to logout of root, and back into the user account. Then instruct MenuMaker to create a menu specifically using the Openbox XML syntax:

user $mmaker -v OpenBox3

The generated menu will be located at ~/.config/openbox/menu.xml. Users can then choose to leave it as the user-specific menu.xml, or to additionally copy it to the system-wide menu configuration as well:

root #cp .config/openbox/menu.xml /etc/xdg/openbox/menu.xml
重要
It is a good idea to use MenuMaker to generate a default menu, as it will have the Openbox root-menu items. These items include a virtual desktop switcher, and the commands to restart and exit the Openbox session.

When opening up the menu.xml file in an editor (nano, for example), users will notice that the XML tags used are very human-readable and easily understandable. Users can modify the default file to fit their needs, or they can write it from scratch (don't worry, it's really not that difficult). The basic syntax for the menu XML is as follows:

文件 menu.xmlExample XML syntax for menu
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<openbox_menu>
<separator label="NAME_OF_SEPARATOR" />
<menu id="IDENTIFIER" label="NAME_OF_MENU">
  <item label="NAME_OF_PROGRAM">
    <action name="execute"><execute>/LOCATION/OF/BINARY</execute></action>
  </item>
</menu>
</openbox_menu>

The above example will work for any applications that launch with standard options in their own windows, but what if one needs to append options to the program at launch time? That is no problem either, just add the options to the command, as usual.

文件 menu.xmlAdding options to a command
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<openbox_menu>
<separator label="NAME_OF_SEPARATOR" />
<menu id="IDENTIFIER" label="NAME_OF_MENU">
  <item label="NAME_OF_PROGRAM">
    <action name="execute"><command>/LOCATION/OF/BINARY --OPTION1 --OPTION2</command></action>
  </item>
</menu>
</openbox_menu>

Simply replace anything in ALL_CAPS in the above two examples with the right information. Alternatively, use obmenu, which is a graphical interface allowing users to create personalized menus without having to manually edit the menu.xml file. It is a very small application and offers a nice amount of customization without typing any XML.

Openbox theme and behavior configuration

Aside from being minimalistic and lightweight, Openbox is also surprisingly customizable and flexible. A user can easily change various settings related to theme, appearance, window placement, docking, and more. There are two options for configuring these settings within Openbox. It is possible to either manually edit ~/.config/openbox/rc.xml, or to use a GUI to help in quickly changing the settings.

To manually edit rc.xml, open up a text editor and start making changes. Don't forget to make a backup of the original file just in case, and store it in a location like ~/.config/openbox/rc.xml.default. There are plenty of comments within the document itself that should help with editing. Alternatively, take a look at the Openbox configuration guides.

If manually editing rc.xml isn't preferred, then try to use the GTK application to manage themes and behaviors in Openbox. The application that can be used is called ObConf, and can be installed on the system just as easily as was Openbox itself.

root #emerge obconf

Next open the configurator by typing obconf in the terminal. Go and add an entry for ObConf into the menu.xml so it will show up in the Openbox menu. If the "editing the menu.xml file" code listing above seemed too vague to be helpful, we'll use ObConf as an example of a menu entry:

文件 menu.xmlUsing obconf
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<openbox_menu>
<menu id="1" label="Configuration">
  <item label="OpenBox Config">
    <action name="execute"><execute>/usr/bin/obconf</execute></action>
  </item>
</menu>
</openbox_menu>

While ObConf is a great GUI tool for editing many behavior-related settings for Openbox, it doesn't allow one to manipulate nearly as many settings as are presented in the rc.xml file itself. Please consult the Openbox Wiki for more information.

附注
In recent versions of Openbox (namely >3.4.7.2), one may experience a delay in the submenu opening. This setting was introduced into the rc.xml file, and is listed as <submenuShowDelay>100</submenuShowDelay>. Simply choose a lower number that suits personal needs.

Autostart configuration

As mentioned above, not a whole lot is seen when running the startx command for the first time after installing Openbox. In addition to customizing menus and changing the behavior of the window manager, most users will probably want to have some programs automatically start with their Openbox session. There is an easily-editable autostart script that allows to do just that. Just like with the menu.xml file, there are two different locations of the autostart script--the system-wide (/etc/xdg/openbox/autostart), and the user-defined (~/.config/openbox/autostart).

In the default autostart, notice a bunch of lines calling for programs like the gnome-settings-daemon, XDG, and others. These lines will generate errors upon logout if the programs are not installed and configured. The easiest thing to do when getting started with Openbox is to just comment out these lines by using the # symbol.

文件 autostartCommenting out snippets in autostart
# Run XDG autostart things. By default don't run anything desktop-specific
# DESKTOP_ENV=""
# if which /usr/lib/openbox/xdg-autostart >/dev/null; then
#  /usr/lib/openbox/xdg-autostart $DESKTOP_ENV
# fi

In the above example, the comment symbol (#) was added before each line. The commenting method is preferred to just deleting the lines because users may want to add support for some of those startup items at a later time. Thus, leaving the default lines in place could ease that process.

Adding programs to the autostart script is as easy as writing in the program name for many applications. For instance, if app-admin/conky is installed (a lightweight system monitor), and it needs to be started automatically with the Openbox session, simply add the following line to the autostart file:

文件 autostartAdding Conky to autostart
conky &

The ampersand (&) after the command allows that application to load up in the background. Most users will likely want to load all the applications in their autostart script in the background because doing so will let Openbox and other programs load without the previous one finishing.

Configuring PolKit

Many applications depend on the PolKit authentication framework. They may need a PolKit agent, such as polkit-gnome, running in the Openbox session.

First, install the agent:

root #emerge polkit-gnome

Now configure PolKit to start automatically when logging in to Openbox. Add the following line to ~/.config/openbox/autostart (for a single user) or /etc/xdg/openbox/autostart (for all users):

文件 autostartStart PolKit automatically
sleep 1 && /usr/libexec/polkit-gnome-authentication-agent-1 &

Setting the background

Some things that users might take for granted in bigger desktop environments are not included by default in Openbox. One such thing is setting the desktop background. In order to place an image as the wallpaper, emerge a program like media-gfx/feh or x11-misc/nitrogen. feh is a simple image viewer that can also set the background, and it can easily be put into the autostart script. Once {{|feh}} is emerged, issue the following command to set the background:

附注
feh has many other options instead of --bg-scale, which will scale the image to the screen dimensions. Consult the feh documentation.
user $feh --bg-scale /path/to/image.jpg

Once the background has been set manually, a file called .fehbg will be created in the user home directory. This file simply contains the above command that was just entered in the terminal, and is automatically updated when issuing a different background command. Now, to set the background automatically upon login, add the following line to the autostart script:

user $source $HOME/.fehbg &

Alternatively use nitrogen. It will allow the user to set a folder for the background images, view thumbnails of those images, and fit, stretch, or tile them to the desktop.

Installing nitrogen and getting it into the Openbox menu requires a few more steps than are readily apparent. First, emerge nitrogen. Second, run nitrogen with the backgrounds folder as argument:

user $nitrogen /path/to/the/backgrounds/folder

Third, set the background image, but keep in mind that it will not be there anymore after logout. Just as with feh, restore the background by editing the autostart script to have the following line:

user $nitrogen --restore &

This will cause nitrogen to load automatically when starting the Openbox session, and that can lead to a slightly slower load time than using feh.

Programs to use with Openbox

The following is a list of some programs which might be of use within an Openbox environment. While the list contains numerous terminal emulators, file managers, panels, and more, it should by no means be considered exhaustive. Please check the appropriate categories in Portage for more options.

Terminal emulators

  • lxde-base/lxterminal is the default terminal emulator for LXDE. It is very lightweight, and based on VTE. While EvilVTE offers many more customization options (including transparency), LXterminal has a graphical interface for some of the more common options (font, colors, et cetera).
  • x11-terms/evilvte is an extremely lightweight terminal emulator based on VTE. It supports tabs, multiple encodings, as well as an easy and extensible configuration file.
  • x11-terms/mrxvt is a multi-tabbed rxvt clone with XFT, transparent background and CJK support. It also features session support for each tab.
  • x11-terms/aterm supports transparency and backwards compatibility with rxvt. It was originally designed for the AfterStep window manager, but easily integrates with other environments.
  • x11-terms/eterm is a terminal based on vt102 and designed to be a more feature-rich replacement for xterm.
  • x11-terms/rxvt-unicode is a clone of rxvt that supports Unicode, daemons, embedded perl, and multiple fonts simultaneously.
  • x11-terms/xfce4-terminal is the VTE-based default for the Xfce desktop environment, so it does require some Xfce libraries to run. However, it is still fairly speedy, and supports transparency and is easily customized.

File managers

  • x11-misc/pcmanfm is the lightweight file manager from LXDE. It supports tabbed browsing, drag and drop, thumbnails for images, bookmarks, volume management, searching, and more. It also provides supports for managing the desktop background and drawing desktop icons (both optionally).
  • xfce-base/thunar is the standard file manager from Xfce. It features a bulk renamer, user-customizable actions, and an extension framework, along with many optional plug-ins, such as media tag editing. It depends on several Xfce libraries, but it's still slimmed down compared to other file managers like Nautilus (from GNOME), and Konqueror (from KDE).
  • gnome-base/nautilus is the powerful file manager from the GNOME desktop environment. It features volume management, thumbnails for images, searching, and some system configuration. As it depends on many of the GNOME libraries for proper function, it can seem a bit heavy compared to some of the other file managers.
  • app-misc/gentoo (no relation to this glorious Linux distribution) is a two-pane style file manager. It is incredibly lightweight, but lacks a some features now prominent in modern file managers. It should definitely be considered for older hardware, or if a barebones setup is needed.
  • app-misc/emelfm2 is another file manager in the vein of Midnight Commander. It features a two-pane window. As with the Gentoo file manager (listed above), it is bare bones and does not include many features prevalent in newer file managers. However, it also offers a few features not found in other file managers, such as a built-in command line in a separate pane.

Desktop management

  • Though x11-misc/pcmanfm is mainly a file manager, it also gives the option to manage the desktop background (instead of using feh or nitrogen) and draw desktop icons.
  • x11-misc/idesk is a simple program used to draw desktop icons. It supports shadowed and anti-aliased fonts, PNG images, "snap-to-grid" placement, and changing the desktop background.

Panels

  • Tint2 is a simple, lightweight panel and taskbar. It supports color, transparency, a clock, drag and drop between virtual desktops, a system tray, and comes with a battery monitor. One can even add a button to display the applications menu from the window manager.
  • x11-misc/pypanel is an easily customized panel written in Python and C. It features transparency, shading, tinting, location and layout configuration, font type, auto-hiding, application launcher, clock, and more.
  • lxde-base/lxpanel is the default panel and taskbar from LXDE. It features a launcher, menu, clock, and a GUI-based configurator. It is feature-rich while depending on very few packages, making it a good choice for a lean system.
  • xfce-base/xfce4-panel is the default panel from the Xfce desktop environment. It supports application launchers, detachable menus, a pager, tasklist, clock, applets, and more. It does, however, require a few of the Xfce libraries which are not dependencies of some other panels.
  • x11-misc/fbpanel is a simple, extremely lightweight panel that supports window lists, launchers, a clock, and a few other goodies. It's not the most featureful panel, and it can be cumbersome to configure, but it needs only GTK to run.

Pagers and systrays

  • x11-misc/netwmpager is an EWMH-compliant pager that integrates nicely into any of the *box environments. It is not as obtrusive, and is much more readily customizable than many of the other available pagers.
  • x11-misc/bbpager is a desktop pager that was originally written for BlackBox, but works nicely with Openbox as well. It does have some BlackBox dependencies though.
  • x11-plugins/docker is the system tray that is made especially for Openbox. It has no extra dependencies, and gives the ability to view and use tray icons for supported GTK and QT-based applications.
  • x11-misc/trayer is a system tray that was modified from the FBpanel code, and is often used with FVWM. One of its perks is that it supports transparency.

Session management

  • lxde-base/lxsession is the stripped down session manager from LXDE. It is designed to remember applications that the user was running at the last logout, and to automatically restart those programs. It also supports the HAL daemon.
  • xfce-base/xfce4-session is the session manager from Xfce. It is capable of saving several sessions, and provides methods for logging out, rebooting, and suspending the computer. It does, however, have many Xfce dependencies.

Configuration tools

  • x11-misc/obconf is a GUI application allowing to customize the Openbox window manager without manually editing ~/.config/openbox/rc.conf.
  • lxde-base/lxappearance is a GTK theme and icon configurator used with LXDE. It provides a nice graphical interface for setting the theme and icons, while depending on very few extra libraries.
  • x11-themes/gtk-chtheme is a simple application allowing for easier switching of GTK themes and the font. Currently, it does not allow for the switching of icon themes.

Miscellaneous

  • app-admin/conky is a lightweight system monitor that can display over 250 objects, including date and time, CPU usage, memory usage, IMAP/POP3 email, top processes, hardware sensor data, and even info from the music player. It is highly customizable both in appearance and data display. We also have a Conky configuration guide available.
  • app-editors/leafpad is a simple text editor. It is very lightweight, but includes features like codeset options, and the ability to undo/redo without limits.
  • media-gfx/feh is a simple image viewer that runs from the terminal, but it also has many other features. It can display a slideshow of images, create an index print, dynamically zoom, and set the desktop background (detailed instructions above).
  • media-gfx/gpicview is a GUI-based image viewer. Though it has more dependencies than feh, it is incredibly quick to load and run.
  • x11-misc/slim is the Simple Login Manager, which allows to login to the Openbox session via a graphical interface instead of the terminal. It has very few dependencies, and supports many themes, but should not be used on machines that require remote logins.

Openbox inside desktop environments

LXDE

If installing each component of a working environment sounds like a little too much customization, but the flexibility of Openbox is still wanted, then take a look into a desktop environment that uses Openbox as its default window manager. That environment is LXDE, the Lightweight X Desktop Environment. Designed to require even fewer system resources than Xfce, it is built around Openbox.

Openbox inside GNOME

If a GNOME environment is already installed, then just replace the Metacity window manager with Openbox. Fortunately, this is quite a simple task! Fire up an editor, open the ~/.xinitrc file, and put the following command inside it:

文件 ~/.xinitrcAdding an Openbox-GNOME session to .xinitrc
exec openbox-gnome-session

When using GDM or another graphical login manager, notice a new "GNOME/Openbox" option in the session menu. Simply select that option instead of manually editing the ~/.xinitrc.

Openbox inside KDE

It is possible to use Openbox as the window manager inside of KDE by simply editing the ~/.xinitrc file, and replacing the current exec command with the following:

文件 ~/.xinitrcAdding an Openbox-KDE session to .xinitrc
exec openbox-kde-session

Now when issuing startx users will see KDE, but instead of KWin, they will have the customizability of the Openbox window manager.

When using KDM or another graphic login manager, a new "KDE/Openbox" option will appear in the session menu. Simply select that option instead of manually editing the ~/.xinitrc.

附注
This method of using Openbox with KDE has been tested with the KDE 3.x releases. While it seems highly likely that it will work with the KDE 4.x series, it has not been thoroughly tested as of yet.

Openbox inside Xfce

To use Xfce4 with Openbox, first start a normal Xfce session, and open up a terminal. From the terminal, issue the following command:

user $killall xfwm4 ; openbox & exit

Second, exit out of the Xfce session, and make sure to tick the checkbox that says "Save session for future login." This will keep Openbox as the default window manager. Third, notice that the default logout menu action no longer works. To fix this problem, open up the menu.xml file, and locate this line:

文件 menu.xmlExit action
<item label="Exit">
     <action name="Exit"/>
</item>

Change it to this:

文件 menu.xmlNew exit action
<item label="Exit">
  <action name="Execute">
    <command>xfce4-session-logout</command>
  </action>
</item>
附注
With Xfce4, the root-menu provided by Xfdesktop will be used instead of the Openbox root-menu.

See also

  • Xfce/Guide — 对 Xfce 进行了广泛的介绍。Xfce 是一个快捷的、轻量级的，功能齐全的桌面环境。

External resources

While this document will easily take users through the initial installation and customization of Openbox, it is by no means the only reference on the topic. There are several other resources that will aid in creating a perfect Openbox setup. Some of them are listed below:

  • On The Official Openbox website users will find more detailed information regarding theming, creating menus (including pipe menus), autostart scripting, and much more. This site also has information regarding new releases, upgrades, and instructions on how to contribute to development.
  • The Urukrama's Guide to Openbox blog contains a plethora of information about switching GTK themes, setting up keybindings, desktop effects, and other programs to use in conjunction with Openbox. Though the tutorial was originally written for use with Ubuntu, everything is applicable to Gentoo (and other Linux distributions for that matter).
  • Box-Look provides numerous themes, icons, wallpapers, fonts, and tools to be used with Openbox (as well as the other *box window managers like Fluxbox, Blackbox, PekWM, etc.)

This page is based on a document formerly found on our main website gentoo.org.
The following people contributed to the original document: nathanzachary and nightmorph
They are listed here because wiki history does not allow for any external attribution. If you edit the wiki article, please do not add yourself here; your contributions are recorded on each article's associated history page.

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