Cinnamon
- remove/replace "consolekit", see https://gitweb.gentoo.org/repo/gentoo.git/commit/sys-auth/consolekit?id=39ece3ff2467f0c1a3dc946767f3896d31055198
Cinnamon is a contemporary desktop environment with a traditional graphical interface. GNOME 2, LXDE, or Xfce users will find it familiar. Cinnamon has very good graphical and functional features. Forked from GNOME 3's GNOME Shell and developed for Linux Mint, it is available on Gentoo for the amd64 and x86 architectures. It does not currently support Wayland.[1]
安装
准备
Cinnamon works great both with and without systemd. To install without systemd dependencies, use eselect to switch to a profile without Gnome, such as default/linux/amd64/23.0/desktop. To install with systemd, use a Gnome-enabled profile such as default/linux/amd64/23.0/desktop/gnome/systemd. The architecture and version can be different in both cases.
Read relevant documentation before performing any profile changes.
要获取系统配置文件列表：
root #eselect profile list... [21] default/linux/amd64/23.0 (stable) * [22] default/linux/amd64/23.0/systemd (stable) [23] default/linux/amd64/23.0/desktop (stable) [24] default/linux/amd64/23.0/desktop/systemd (stable) [25] default/linux/amd64/23.0/desktop/gnome (stable) [26] default/linux/amd64/23.0/desktop/gnome/systemd (stable) ...
OpenRC
当使用OpenRC时，要设置正确的系统配置文件：
root #eselect profile set default/linux/amd64/23.0/desktop也可以根据上面的配置文件列表，使用相关的配置文件编号：
root #eselect profile set 3Read up on the instructions available in the Gentoo without systemd article.
Systemd
For Cinnamon with systemd support select the GNOME desktop profile ending in systemd:
root #eselect profile set default/linux/amd64/23.0/desktop/gnome/systemdThe system architecture (
amd64) and version (23.0) can be different as long as the ending of the string is /gnome/systemd.Xorg
Of course for Cinnamon to work Xorg must be installed and configured. Make sure an X server is set up before proceeding with this article. If needed, test Xorg as detailed in the Using startx section of the Xorg Gentoo guide.
Internationalization
Cinnamon (and other applications) are internationalized, supporting a number of languages (Linguas). If this was not done during the initial Gentoo installation, add the appropriate language value to the LINGUAS variable in make.conf:
/etc/portage/make.confSet make.conf for French language codeLINGUAS="fr" # or en, de, it, es, etc.
USE 标记
USE flags for gnome-extra/cinnamon A fork of GNOME Shell with layout similar to GNOME 2
+eds
|
Enable support for Evolution-Data-Server (EDS) |
+gstreamer
|
Add support for media-libs/gstreamer (Streaming media) |
+networkmanager
|
Enable net-misc/networkmanager support |
+nls
|
Add Native Language Support (using gettext - GNU locale utilities) |
gtk-doc
|
Build and install gtk-doc based developer documentation for dev-util/devhelp, IDE and offline use |
internal-polkit
|
Use Cinnamon's internal polkit agent instead of gnome-extra/polkit-gnome. This does not currently support multi-user fast switching. |
wayland
|
Enable dev-libs/wayland backend |
Find more information on Python targets by visiting the Python project's PYTHON TARGETS article.
The icu, pulseaudio, and gnome-keyring USE flags are needed by Cinnamon's dependencies. If they are not set already, either allow emerge --ask gnome-extra/cinnamon to create or update package.use (or package.use/cinnamon, or set the USE flags manually using another method.
Emerge
最后，在执行上述所有步骤后，安装 Cinnamon：
root #emerge --ask gnome-extra/cinnamonThe compilation duration for net-libs/webkit-gtk can be very long, especially on older hardware. This can be resolved by removing the
gnome-online-accounts USE flag for those that don't want social media notifications on the desktop.系统配置
Before looking at the Cinnamon theming, configure the system to properly start Cinnamon at boot or upon user request, and enable the right privilege delegation settings so that end users can interact with the system in an intuitive manner.
服务
dbus must be activated with systemd, use systemctl as detailed in the systemd page.
OpenRC services
dbus 和 consolekit
Xorg server and Cinnamon need the dbus, openrc-settingsd and elogind services, make sure that they will be started at system boot time:
root #rc-update add dbus default
root #rc-update add consolekit default
下一步，启动服务（没有必要重启系统）：
root #rc-service dbus start
root #rc-service consolekit start
网络管理
NetworkManager is a Cinnamon dependency and is not needed if the network was configured during the initial Gentoo installation. It should not run concurrently with another network service. If NetworkManager is desired be sure to disable other network management programs or services before starting it. For example, if the system was originally configured to use Gentoo's netifrc scripts to manage the network connections, disable these network services:
root #rc-service net.eth0 stop
root #rc-update del net.eth0 default
When using sys-fs/udev network interfaces will be using Predictable Network Interface Names to name the active interfaces. This will produce names like enp12s0, eno1, enp2s0, etc. When using sys-fs/eudev, the Gentoo udev fork avoiding systemd dependencies, the first network interface name is often still called eth0.
移除其他网络服务后，添加 NetworkManager：
root #rc-service NetworkManager start
root #rc-update add NetworkManager default
禁用 NetworkManager 小程序
If NetworkManager is not used, the Network Manager applet will fail to start up, which will show up as a problem during startup.
To disable the applet, go to System Settings -> Preferences -> Applets, find "Network Manager" and click the minus button.
Sudo
普通用户要从 Cinnamon 重启或关闭系统，需要使用 sudo 进行一些设置。
首先安装 app-admin/sudo：
root #emerge --ask app-admin/sudo接下来使用 visudo 命令修改 sudo 配置：
root #visudoVisudo runs the default text editor to generate or update a sudoers file. Replace username in the text below with the username of each user that will be using Cinnamon:
/etc/sudoersusername ALL=(root) NOPASSWD: /sbin/reboot
username ALL=(root) NOPASSWD: /sbin/halt
username ALL=(root) NOPASSWD: /sbin/poweroff
username ALL=(root) NOPASSWD: /sbin/shutdown
Or for the wheel group:
/etc/sudoers%wheel ALL=(root) NOPASSWD: /sbin/reboot
%wheel ALL=(root) NOPASSWD: /sbin/halt
%wheel ALL=(root) NOPASSWD: /sbin/poweroff
%wheel ALL=(root) NOPASSWD: /sbin/shutdown
Polkit rules and actions
For an ordinary user to perform additional highly privileged actions from Cinnamon, policy kit must be configured. Use pkaction to get a list of actions; the names should be self-explanatory:
root #pkactionorg.cinnamon.settings-daemon.plugins.power.backlight-helper org.cinnamon.settings-users org.cinnamon.settingsdaemon.datetimemechanism.configure org.freedesktop.ModemManager1.Contacts org.freedesktop.ModemManager1.Control org.freedesktop.ModemManager1.Device.Control org.freedesktop.ModemManager1.Firmware org.freedesktop.ModemManager1.Location org.freedesktop.ModemManager1.Messaging org.freedesktop.ModemManager1.USSD org.freedesktop.NetworkManager.enable-disable-network org.freedesktop.NetworkManager.enable-disable-wifi etc.
The simplest way is to authorize all actions by only testing wheel group membership. Put a JavaScript file with a .rules extension in /etc/polkit-1/rules.d, named for example 55-allowing-all-actions.rules:
/etc/polkit-1/rules.d/55-allowing-all-actions.rulesSetting general polkit rulepolkit.addRule (function (action, subject)
{
if (subject.isInGroup ("wheel"))
{
return polkit.Result.YES;
}
});
To only authorize some actions, the action names must be iterated. For a wheel group user to suspend, hibernate, shutdown and restart the system, make a 55-allowing-actions.rules file like so:
/etc/polkit-1/rules.d/55-allowing-actions.rulesSetting polkit rulespolkit.addRule (function (action, subject)
{
if (action.id == "org.freedesktop.upower.hibernate" ||
action.id == "org.freedesktop.upower.suspend" ||
action.id == "org.freedesktop.consolekit.system.stop" ||
action.id == "org.freedesktop.consolekit.system.restart" &&
subject.isInGroup ("wheel"))
{
return polkit.Result.YES;
}
});
Various actions can be added: those to change color profiles, use Nemo (Cinnamon files manager) as root, mount and eject media, set screen backlight, use network manager, change wallpaper, etc. Several polkit.addRule (function (action, subject){ … }); blocks can be used next to each other as well, and several files can be added.
/etc/polkit-1/rules.d/50-default.rules already exists. Newly created file(s) names should begin with a number bigger than 50, 55 for example, so they are processed after the 50-default.rules file. Do not make a file which would be processed before it, for instance one beginning with 45.
启动 Cinnamon
When not using a login/display manager, make a .xinitrc file in the user's home directory, starting Cinnamon (D-bus will be launched too automatically):
~/.xinitrcCinnamon launch directiveexec cinnamon-session
Then to start Xorg and Cinnamon, execute startx after logging in:
user $startxWith a display manager follow the display manager instructions.
主题设计
Mint-X icons
By default Cinnamon comes with Gnome icons. Mint-X icons are on GitHub. Download, unzip, and put the Mint-X icon set in /usr/share/icons:
root #mv pathToUnzippedArchive/mint-x-icons-master/usr/share/icons/Mint-X /usr/share/icons/Mint-X接下来，为它创建缓存：
root #gtk-update-icon-cache /usr/share/icons/Mint-XThe new icon set can be selected in Cinnamon Control Center. Mint-X icons are green, but other icon sets with different colors can be installed too, like Mint-X-Grey or Mint-X-Orange. Make sure to create a cache for these as well.
Colored icons sets rely on Mint-X icon set: always install it, with or without colored icons sets.
Desktop icons text color
Desktop icons text color is now white in Cinnamon version 2.6.13, so this chapter applies to older Cinnamon versions… and remains a good introduction to Cinnamon theming.
An icon's text color in Cinnamon desktop is black by default, which is not always readable. The instructions to change this color depends on the GTK 3 version that the system is using. Get the currently used version with:
user $emerge --info x11-libs/gtk+- In GTK versions less than 3.13.3, this setting can only be changed system-wide. Change the text color by adding CSS rules to the /usr/share/themes/Adwaita/gtk-3.0/gtk.css file (Adwaita is the default theme coming with GTK), after the
@importline:
/usr/share/themes/Adwaita/gtk-3.0/gtk.cssCSS rules for GTK < 3.13.3@import url("resource:///org/gnome/adwaita/gtk-main.css");
/* added css rules */
.nemo-desktop.nemo-canvas-item {
color: #fff; /* #fff is white web color indication, #333 should be dark grey */
}
.nemo-desktop.nemo-canvas-item:selected {
background-color: alpha (#fff, 0.2); /* 0.2 is transparency level */
}
- The 2nd rule concerns the selected desktop icon and can be modified to get another background color or set the transparency.
- In more recent GTK versions (3.13.3 onward), this must be tuned through a user-specific configuration file. Adwaita is now included in GTK as the theme replacing Raleigh, so rules must be set in the user's home directories. The file to edit is ~/.config/gtk-3.0/gtk.css (create ~/.config/gtk-3.0/ directory if needed), and the change is now without the
@importline. Additionally in this example, the left Nemo side bar is gray colored:
~/.config/gtk-3.0/gtk.cssCSS rules for GTK ≥ 3.13.3.nemo-desktop.nemo-canvas-item {
color: #fff;
}
.nemo-desktop.nemo-canvas-item:selected {
background-color: alpha (#fff, 0.2);
}
NemoWindow .sidebar, NemoWindow .sidebar .view {
background-color: #444;
color: #eee; /* light grey */
}
Mint-X themes
Cinnamon comes with a default cinnamon theme, obviously... The Mint-X themes are available for download on GitHub. Download them, unzip, and copy to /usr/share/themes if needed. They can be selected in the Cinnamon Control Center.
Playing with themes
Almost all theme settings can be changed in the cinnamon.css file in the theme directory.
For example with the Cinnamon theme, which is not in /usr/share/themes but in /usr/share/cinnamon/theme, first copy the theme's directory to a user .themes sub-directory, named for example other-cinnamon, which will be the new theme name:
root #mkdir /home/userName/.themes/other-cinnamon
root #cp -R /usr/share/cinnamon/theme /home/userName/.themes/other-cinnamon/cinnamon
root #chown -R userName:userName /home/userName/.themes/other-cinnamon
Edit ~/.themes/other-cinnamon/cinnamon/cinnamon.css. The results of the changes can be viewed immediately by selecting another theme in Cinnamon Control Center, then reselecting the theme being changed.
Common applications
Terminals
- lxde-base/lxterminal - Requires no dependencies.
- x11-terms/xfce4-terminal - Requires some dependencies but is better featured than lxde-base/lxterminal.
- x11-terms/gnome-terminal - Doesn't require systemd if
-nautilusand-gnome-shellUSE flags are set for this package.
Gnome popular applications
A number of popular applications are available as well, built for Gnome and working flawlessly in Cinnamon:
- standard calculator (gnome-extra/gnome-calculator)
- screen copy utility (media-gfx/gnome-screenshot)
- image viewer (media-gfx/eog)
- PDF reader (app-text/evince)
- system monitor (gnome-extra/gnome-system-monitor)
- archive manager (app-arch/file-roller)
- disk burning (app-cdr/brasero)
- text editor (app-editors/gedit)
root #emerge --ask gnome-extra/gnome-calculator media-gfx/gnome-screenshot media-gfx/eog app-text/evince gnome-extra/gnome-system-monitor app-arch/file-roller app-cdr/brasero app-editors/geditApplications without Gnome
Also working flawlessly in Cinnamon:
- PDF readers app-text/mupdf and app-text/qpdfview
- light text editor app-editors/leafpad
- mp3 and video readers media-video/mpv and media-video/vlc
Compile app-text/qpdfview and media-video/vlc with qt5 USE flags to get a GUI.
Troubleshooting
If problems occur, try to get access to the live error messages. These can be displayed on a separate (virtual) terminal or in a log file. If the messages cannot be found, try starting Cinnamon from the command line rather than through a display manager. Alternatively have a look at /var/log/Xorg.0.log.
When the error or warning messages are not sufficient to troubleshoot Cinnamon, start it with the --debug parameter to get more detailed Xorg messages:
~/.xinitrcCinnamon debug launchexec cinnamon-session --debug
If Cinnamon cannot launch, deleting (or renaming) .cinnamon in the home directory is not enough: other Cinnamon or Gnome items must be deleted (or renamed) too before X restarts. These can be found in the .cache, .config and .local XDG directories. .gnome2 can be deleted (or renamed) entirely.
Refresh rate
It's possible to set custom refresh rate via ~/.config/monitors.xml file. Replace <rate>60</rate> with preferred setting.