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Vim (Vi IMproved) é um editor de textos baseado no vi. Ele pode ser usado através da interface de linha de comando ou como uma aplicação com interface gráfica.

Vim should not be confused with Neovim, a similar program which may be used in its place.

See also
The Vi article provides general information on vi-like editors. See the Vim guide for an introductory tutorial on vi-like editor usage. See the text editor article for general information on installing and configuring text editors in Gentoo.

Instalação

USE flags

USE flags for app-editors/vim Vim, an improved vi-style text editor

X	Link console vim against X11 libraries to enable title and clipboard features in xterm
acl	Add support for Access Control Lists
crypt	Use dev-libs/libsodium for crypto support
cscope	Enable cscope interface
debug	Enable extra debug codepaths, like asserts and extra output. If you want to get meaningful backtraces see https://wiki.gentoo.org/wiki/Project:Quality_Assurance/Backtraces
gpm	Add support for sys-libs/gpm (Console-based mouse driver)
lua	Enable Lua scripting support
minimal	Install a very minimal build (disables, for example, plugins, fonts, most drivers, non-critical features)
nls	Add Native Language Support (using gettext - GNU locale utilities)
perl	Add optional support/bindings for the Perl language
python	Add optional support/bindings for the Python language
racket	Enable support for Scheme using dev-scheme/racket
ruby	Add support/bindings for the Ruby language
selinux	!!internal use only!! Security Enhanced Linux support, this must be set by the selinux profile or breakage will occur
sound	Enable sound support
tcl	Add support the Tcl language
terminal	Enable terminal emulation support
vim-pager	Install vimpager and vimmanpager links

Data provided by the Gentoo Package Database · Last update: 2024-09-12 18:37 More information about USE flags

Emerge

Se não for necessário o suporte ao X Window System, basta instalar o pacote app-editors/vim:

root #emerge --ask app-editors/vim

Softwares Adicionais

Gvim

Para instalar o Vim tanto com a interface baseada em ncurses (/usr/bin/vim) como a interface gráfica (para o X Window System - /usr/bin/gvim), instale o pacote app-editors/gvim:

root #emerge --ask app-editors/gvim

Packages

Vim has support for packages, which provide a native mechanism to extend functionality. Read the built-in packages documentation for more information: :help packages

Plugins

A categoria app-vim fornece uma boa quantidade de definições de sintaxe adicionais, plugins e outros conteúdos relacionados ao Vim.

Use emerge ou eix para obter uma visão geral dos pacotes disponíveis na categoria app-vim:

user $emerge --search "%@^app-vim"

user $eix -cC app-vim

Not all Vim plugins will be available in the Gentoo repository. Vim now includes native packages, as a way to install plugins, and there are also several plugin managers for Vim.

Configuração

Arquivos

O Vim pode ser configurado para cada usuário ou através de um arquivo de configuração global, efetivo para todo o sistema:

• /etc/vim/vimrc - O arquivo global de configurações.
• ~/.vimrc - O arquivo de configuração local, específico para cada usuário. O til (~) significa que este arquivo está localizado na pasta do usuário.

Color schemes

About a dozen color schemes are shipped with the core Vim package. They can be listed in last line mode by typing colorscheme (followed by a space), then pressing either Ctrl+d or pressing the Tab key twice:

:colorscheme

blue       darkblue   default    delek      desert     elflord    evening    industry   koehler    morning    murphy     pablo      peachpuff  ron        shine      slate      torte      zellner

They can be changed in Vim by using the colorscheme (alternatively use colo) command while in last line mode:

:colorscheme peachpuff

Color schemes can be permanently applied in the .vimrc file. Note that the syntax on line is also needed for activation:

FILE ~/.vimrc

colorscheme peachpuff
syntax on

The first line sets the default color scheme while the last line activates the color scheme.

Selecting vi editor and system default editor

If Vim - and only Vim - is installed, the vi command should launch Vim. If other vi-like editors are installed, eselect may be used to choose which editor the vi command launches.

The text editor article may also be of interest for setting a system default editor, if Vim is to be set as the default.

Gentoo syntax

To enable support for the Gentoo syntax plugin (app-vim/gentoo-syntax) within vim, add the following lines to the user's ~/.vimrc file:

FILE ~/.vimrc

filetype plugin on
filetype indent on

leave_my_textwidth_alone

By default, Vim and Neovim do not hard-wrap lines, i.e., typing on a line longer than a certain length does not create a new line. However, Gentoo installs config files for Vim and Neovim that cause lines longer than 78 characters in .txt files to be hard-wrapped. To override this behavior, the following should be specified in the user's ~/.vimrc file:

FILE ~/.vimrc

let g:leave_my_textwidth_alone=1

bug #559800 contains some discussion around this issue.

Uso

Invocation

From the command line:

user $vim --help

vim --help
VIM - Vi IMproved 8.2 (2019 Dec 12, compiled Nov 26 2021 11:56:27)
 
Usage: vim [arguments] [file ..]       edit specified file(s)
   or: vim [arguments] -               read text from stdin
   or: vim [arguments] -t tag          edit file where tag is defined
   or: vim [arguments] -q [errorfile]  edit file with first error
 
Arguments:
   --			Only file names after this
   -v			Vi mode (like "vi")
   -e			Ex mode (like "ex")
   -E			Improved Ex mode
   -s			Silent (batch) mode (only for "ex")
   -d			Diff mode (like "vimdiff")
   -y			Easy mode (like "evim", modeless)
   -R			Readonly mode (like "view")
   -Z			Restricted mode (like "rvim")
   -m			Modifications (writing files) not allowed
   -M			Modifications in text not allowed
   -b			Binary mode
   -l			Lisp mode
   -C			Compatible with Vi: 'compatible'
   -N			Not fully Vi compatible: 'nocompatible'
   -V[N][fname]		Be verbose [level N] [log messages to fname]
   -D			Debugging mode
   -n			No swap file, use memory only
   -r			List swap files and exit
   -r (with file name)	Recover crashed session
   -L			Same as -r
   -A			Start in Arabic mode
   -H			Start in Hebrew mode
   -T <terminal>	Set terminal type to <terminal>
   --not-a-term		Skip warning for input/output not being a terminal
   --ttyfail		Exit if input or output is not a terminal
   -u <vimrc>		Use <vimrc> instead of any .vimrc
   --noplugin		Don't load plugin scripts
   -p[N]		Open N tab pages (default: one for each file)
   -o[N]		Open N windows (default: one for each file)
   -O[N]		Like -o but split vertically
   +			Start at end of file
   +<lnum>		Start at line <lnum>
   --cmd <command>	Execute <command> before loading any vimrc file
   -c <command>		Execute <command> after loading the first file
   -S <session>		Source file <session> after loading the first file
   -s <scriptin>	Read Normal mode commands from file <scriptin>
   -w <scriptout>	Append all typed commands to file <scriptout>
   -W <scriptout>	Write all typed commands to file <scriptout>
   -x			Edit encrypted files
   --startuptime <file>	Write startup timing messages to <file>
   -i <viminfo>		Use <viminfo> instead of .viminfo
   --clean		'nocompatible', Vim defaults, no plugins, no viminfo
   -h  or  --help	Print Help (this message) and exit
   --version		Print version information and exit

The vi command may also be used to launch Vim, if so configured.

Specify a name, to open an existing file, or to create a new one:

user $vim <filename>

Primeiros passos

O Vim contém um tutorial que deve durar cerca de 30 minutos do começo ao fim. Inicie-o usando o comando vimtutor:

user $vimtutor

Dicas e truques

Usando Vim como ex ou ed na linha de commando

É possível usar o Vim para one-liners - comandos que podem ser usados em scripts ou na linha de comando para realizar modificações de maneira não vigiada.

Por exxemplo, o comando a seguir adiciona # ao começo de cada linha no arquivo file.txt:

user $vim -c ":%s/^/#/g" -c ":x" file.txt

O que acontece é que o Vim interpreta o que foi passado como comando (através da opção -c). O primeiro comando é o comando de substituição do Vim (que é bem parecido ao do sed), o segundo é a instrução do Vim para salvar e sair do editor.

Alterar a codificação do arquivo

Para alterar a codificação de um arquivo para UTF-8. use o seguinte comando (na linha de comando do Vim):

:e ++enc=utf8

Como mostrado na dica anterior, é possível fazer isto diretamente da linha de comando:

user $vim -c ":wq! ++enc=utf8" file.txt

Troubleshooting

I'm trapped in vim!

For someone entering vim without first having learned how to use it, it may not be obvious how to quit.

Press esc several times, then :, q, enter. To quit without saving, press esc several times, then :, q, !, enter.

If several files are open, try pressing esc several times, then :, q, a, enter. To quit without saving, press esc several times, then :, q, a, !, enter.

If this doesn't help, and desperate measures are needed, something like killall vim may be a last ditch solution (from another terminal). Beware that this will terminate all the vim sessions for a user, without saving. If run as root, such a command will terminate all vim sessions for all users on the system.

Pastes are being tabbed

Say the following text is trying to be pasted into a Vim buffer:

CODE Sample tabbed data

some:
  yaml:
    - data
    - structured
  in:
    - this
    - shape
  that:
    - VIM
    - may 
not: like

Vim may interpret this with autotabbing, breaking the paste:

CODE Vim misinterpretation

some:
  yaml:
      - data
          - structured
	   in:
	       - this
		   - shape
		     that:
		         - VIM
			     - may 
			     not: like

To correct this, run the following command: :set paste to enable Vim's paste mode, once the paste is completed, :set nopaste can be used to go back to the previous settings.

E1187

user $vim foobar

E1187: Failed to source defaults.vim
Press ENTER or type command to continue

Seems solved by destabilize 8.2.4328.

Veja também

• Guia do Vim - Explica como usar o Vim em maiores detalhes.

Recursos externos

• Vim Documentation Includes Manuals (aka ":help" and Free VIM OPL Book), FAQS, HOWTO's, Tutorials, in HTML PDF, and PS formats.
• A vim Tutorial and Primer - An excellent vim tutorial/primer. Read this first.
• VIM Scripts/Plugins
• Vim for Humans (free ebook) - Clone and cd into the sources directory, mkdir dist, change sphinx2-build to sphinx-build for SPHINXBUILD in rst/en/Makefile. Run ./makedist.sh. Read PDF in ./dist/vimpourleshumains/.
• Learning the vi and Vim Editors, 7th Edition  O'Reilly  Print ISBN: 978-0-596-52983-3, Ebook ISBN: 978-0-596-15935-1
• Vim anti-patterns - A blog entry on maintaining flow with Vim.

References